Making Salts

bronsted lowry acid base theory

acid = proton donor
base = proton acceptor

metal + acid↛

salt + hydrogen

metal oxide + acid ↛

salt + water

metal hydroxide + acid↛

salt + water

metal carbonate + acid↛

salt + water + carbon dioxide

testing for acid and alkali’s using purple litmus

red - acid
blue - alkali

testing for acid and alkali’s using phenolphthalein

pink - alkali
colourless - acid

methyl orange in acid and alkali

red - acid
yellow - alkali

problem with methyl orange, phenolphthalein and litmus

does not tell you how acidic or alkali a substance is

what happens when universal indicator is added to a colourless solution

the solution can indicate how acidic or alkali a solution is

are H ions present in a strong alkali

yes but they are fewer compared to hydroxide ions

how do i calculate tire

final burette - initial burette

what is a concordant result

results between 0.1 of eachother

ammonia + acid ↛

ammonium + salt

how to separate a soluble solid from a solution

crystallization

what to do at the end of a titration when using titration to calculate concentration

calculate average

method to make NaCl

titration
use a pipette to measure a known amount of sodium hydroxide into conical flask, add phenolphthalein indicator
rinse burette with hydrochloric acid
take initial reading on burette
place conical flask under burette, add acid while swirling until solution in conical flask turns colourless
write down final reading of burette
repeat titration without indicator
heat solution until saturated
cool
crystallize
filter
dry with paper towel

method to make CuSO₄

acid + metal oxide
gently warm H2SO4 to 60 C
add CuO and stir
add CuO until excess
filter to remove excess metal oxide
heat gently until solution becomes saturated
leave to cool
crystallise
filter off remaining liquid
wash with distilled water
dab crystals dry

why do we heat up the acid

to speed up the reaction

why do we add metal oxide in excess

so all of the acid reacts

how do we know the solution is saturated

crystals form round the edge

method to make silver iodide

precipitation
mix AgNO3 and KI
filter
wash with distilled water
dry

why do we redo without indicator

makes salt impure

acid + alkali

salt and water

what is an acid

compounds that for H+ ion in an aqueous solutions

what is an alkali

a compound that will form OH- ion in a aqueous solution

examples of strong acids

nitric acid
acid
hydrochloric acid