Global 10 - Cumulative

Traditional Economy

-Used by early civilizations.

-Simple economy based on self-sufficient/ subsistence farming.

Mixed Economy

-China has used this system since the late 1970s when Deng Xiaoping became leader.

-Includes both private and state-run enterprises.

-Offers more choices than a regular command economy.

-Has elements of both a command economy and a capitalist economy.

Manor Economy

-Used in Europe during the middle ages.

-Economy revolves around a lord’s estate.

-Peasants and serfs exchange goods with the lord for protection.

-Nearly self-sufficient.

Mercantilism

-Common economic system of colonial era European countries.

-Countries seek to export more than they import to build gold and silver supply.

-Colonies restricted to trading with parent country.

-Dissatisfaction with government control led to the development of Laissez-faire capitalism in the 1700s.

Command Economy

-Used by the Soviet Union, China under Mao Zedong, and other communist countries such as North Korea and Cuba.

-Government officials make all basic economic decisions, such as what will be produced and where.

-Common feature: Collective farms.

-Also known as a planned economy.

-The government owns the means of production, distribution, and exchange.

Capitalism

-Private businesses and individuals make basic economic decisions including what, where, how much, and at what prices goods will be produced.

-Also Known As: “Free Market” Economy, “Free Enterprise”, Laissez-Faire (If there is minimal government enterprise).

-Prices are determined by supply and demand.

-Property is privately owned.

-Adam Smith (Wrote “Wealth of Nations”).

Barter System

-People exchange services and goods for other services and goods.

-Used for centuries before money was invented.

Voltaire

-French enlightenment author who promoted the concept of free speech.

-Criticized the French monarchy.

Fidel Castro

-Communist who overthrew Batista dictatorship in Cuba (1959).

-Aligned with Soviet Union (Until USSR collapse).

-Allowed USSR to out missiles in Cuba in 1962 causing a crisis.

Aung San Suu Kyi

-Pro-Democracy leader in Myanmar (AKA Burma/Southeast Asia).

-Held under house arrest by military-led government for much of the 1989-2010 period.

-Nobel Peace Prize winner, daughter of Burmese independence leader.

Simon Bolivar

-The “Liberator” (The '“George Washington” of South America).

-Gained independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama from Spain.

-Influenced by enlightenment ideas and American and French revolutions.

Miloslevic

-Former President of Yugoslavia (Serbia).

-Accused of war crimes during conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo (Genocide/Ethnic Cleansing).

-Brought before international court in the Hague to stand trial.

Pol Pot

-Communist leader in Cambodia (Khmer Rouge).

-Committed genocide against intellectual elite and “enemies of communism”.

-Over one million Cambodians slaughtered.

Vladmir Putin

-Second post-USSR Russian leader after Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, in power since 2000.

-Represented peaceful democratic transition of power in Russia, but has since turned toward Authoritarianism.

-Annexed Crimean peninsula from Ukraine in 2014 and launched full invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Louis XIV

***

-Also known as the “Sun King”.

-King of France from 1643-1715 and member of the Bourbon family dynasty.

-Built palace at Versailles and attempted to control French nobility by encouraging them to stay there.

Nicholas II

-Romanov Dynasty; Last Russian Czar.

-Blamed for “Bloody Sunday” massacre of peaceful demonstrators and supporting unpopular wars (WWI).

-Executed along with his family after Bolsheviks gain power.

Thomas Malthus

-Laissez-Faire economist, thought the rate of increase for human populations in relation to the rate of increase for food production was a problem.

-Thought famine and war were natural checks on population growth.

Napoleon

-”Emperor” of France at the end of the French Revolution through Coup D'état.

-Napoleonic Code: Equality and Freedom of religion.

-Military genius, but failed in Russia.

Kwame Nkrumah

-Inspired by Pan-Africanism.

-Led independence movement against British in Ghana.

-1963- Created the OAU (Organization of African Unity) to promote Pan-Africanism and end colonialism in Africa.

Mussolini

-Leader of Italian fascist party.

-Seized power in 1922.

-March on Rome, Rome-Berlin Axis.

-National strength, totalitarian state.

Toussaint Louverture

-Haitian revolutionary familiar with the works of the enlightenment.

-Led revolt against French rule in Haiti.

-Won freedom for Haiti in 1798, republic in 1820 (First Latin American nation to achieve independence).

Kemal Ataturk

-Turkish Nationalist.

-1st president of the Republic of Turkey (1920s - 1930s), after dissolution of Ottoman Empire after WWI.

-Promoted secular government, westernization, modernization, and women’s rights.

Jawaharlal Nehru

-Leader of Indian Nationalist Movement in the 1930s and 1940s.

-Served as India’s first Prime Minister after independence in 1947.

-During the Cold War steered India towards Non-Aligned status, siding with neither the USSR or the Democratic West.

Montesquieu

-Enlightenment thinker who wrote about the separation of powers.

-3 Branches: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive.

-Separation of power would prevent tyranny in government through checks and balances.

Ayatollah Khomeini

***

-Leader of Iran after 1979 Iranian revolution overthrew Shah Pahlavi.

-Islamic fundamentalist.

-Called United States “The Great Satan”.

-Sharia Law (Strict Islamic Law) imposed.

Kim Jong Un

-Leader of North Korea since 2011.

-Has continued North Korea’s nuclear weapons program that begun in the 1990s.

-Totalitarian dictator.

-Communist.

Otto Von Bismarck

-Prussian who unified Germany through “Blood and Iron” policy.

-Militarism, Nationalism, War.

-Took resource-rich Alsace-Lorraine from France.

Adolf Hitler

-Leader of the Nazi Party in Germany.

-Created ultra-nationalistic totalitarian state.

-Aggression leads to WWII.

-Holocaust.

Mikhail Gorbachev

***

-Won 1990 Nobel Peace Prize for part in ending the Cold War.

-Perestroika attempted to reform economy (Limited Capitalism).

-Glasnost allowed political “openness”.

-Last leader of the Soviet Union, Republic begins breaking away from USSR.

Vladimir Lenin

-Leader of Bolsheviks during 1917 Russian revolution.

-Promised Peace, Land, Bread.

-Established communist state in Russia (Soviet Union).

-NEP: Allowed limited capitalism.

Stalin

***

-Ruler of the Soviet Union after Lenin.

-Absolute dictator of totalitarian state.

-Purges to eliminate political opponents.

-5 year plans for industry.

-Collective farms for agriculture.

Adam Smith

-1700s author of “Wealth of Nations”.

-Free market economy/capitalism.

-”Laissez-Faire” (Hands off) - Minimal involvement of the government in economy.

Karl Marx

***

-Author of the Communist Manifesto.

-Theory: Exploitation of workers (Proletariat) by Bourgeoisie (Capitalists) leads to revolution.

-Classless society.

Jomo Kenyatta

-African independence leader.

-Nationalist who fought for Kenyan independence from Britain after WWII.

-First president of Independent Kenya.

Nelson Mandela

-Leader of ANC.

-Imprisoned for 28 years for actions against apartheid.

-Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 with South African president F.W. De Klerk.

-Elected first black president of South Africa in 1994.

Gandhi

***

-Responsible for achieving independence for India from Great Britain in 1947.

-Used passive resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts, Salt March.

-Encouraged unity and rights for all religions and castes.

Ho Chi Minh

-Vietnamese nationalist who led revolt against French imperialism.

-Leader of Viet Cong (Communists) who fought against South Vietnamese forces and Americans.

John Locke

-Author of “Two Treatises on Government”.

-Enlightened philosopher (1700s).

-Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property.

Augusto Pinochet

-General who ruled Chile from 1973-1990.

-Brutal dictator.

-Censored media, banned worker strikes, destroyed political opponents through mass murder.

Deng Xiaoping

***

-Four Modernizations: Industry, Science, Agriculture, Military.

-Family responsibility system (1 child).

-Some private control of business and farming (Limited Capitalism).

-Violent crackdown on pro-democratic demonstrations in Tiananmen Square (1989).

Mao Zedong

***

-Founder of the Chinese Communist Party.

-Little Red Book (Propaganda).

-Communes and Great Leap Forward.

-Cultural revolution.

Catherine the Great

-Encouraged enlightenment ideas (Enlightened Despot).

-Autocratic Czarina of Russia.

-Obtained warm water port (Black Sea) for trade.

Scientific Revolution

1500s - 1600s

-Inspired by the questioning spirit of the Renaissance.

-Questioned old ideas about the world.

-Belief in Natural Laws emerged.

-Copernicus, Galileo, Newton.

Enlightenment

1700s

-Period of questioning traditional authority.

-Influenced by the Scientific Revolution.

-Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft.

French Revolution

1789

-Inspired by the Enlightenment and American Revolution.

-Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

-Declaration of the Right of Man.

-Napoleon, Robespierre, Olympe De Gouges.

Latin American Revolutions

1800s

-Inspired by the Enlightenment, American, and French revolution.

-Toussaint Louverture in Haiti, Simon Bolivar in South America.

Industrial Revolution

1750 - 1850

-Begins in England due to an abundance of resources, labor, and capital.

-Ushers in a new age of production for most of the world.

-Causes urbanization.

-Suffrage, reforms, and new ideas such as Marxism.

Triumph of Nationalism

1830s - 1870s

-Revolutions throughout Europe.

-Unification of Italy (Cavour, Garibaldi, Mazzini).

-Unification of Germany (Bismarck, Blood and Iron, Realpolitik).

Treaty of Nanjing

1842

-Great Britain defeats China in Opium Wars.

-Chinese ports forced open to foreign trade.

-Hong Kong given to Britain.

-Weakened China carved into foreign spheres of influence.

Irish Potato Famine

1845 - 1849

-Extreme shortage of food that led to mass starvation and emigration largely to the United States.

-Caused by a fungus that destroyed the potato crop of Ireland.

-British landlords exported healthy potato crop to other countries.

Sepoy Mutiny

1857

-Indian soldier, both Hindu and Muslim, employed by the British East India Company rise up against the British.

-After the conflict, Britain makes India a colony and absorbs into the British Empire.

Meiji Restoration

1800s

-Treaty of Kanagawa.

-Japan westernizes and industrializes.

-Feudal rulers lose power, emperor gains power.

-Japan resorts to imperialism.

-Manchuria dominated for natural resources.

Berlin Conference

1884

-European leaders meet to carve up Africa after the scramble for territory had begun.

-African interests are not represented.

-Africa under Imperial European control.

WWI

1914 - 1918

-Triple Alliance/Triple Entente.

-Militarism, Nationalism, and Imperialism set stage for war.

-Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated.

-End with signing the Treaty of Versailles, which punishes Germany.

Russian Revolution

1917

-Czar Nicholas II abdicates and is replaced by democratic Provisional Government.

-Communist Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrow Provisional Government.

-Communist Soviet Union, USSR, established.

Rise of Fascist Dictators

1920s - 1930s

-Mussolini’s fascists gain control of Italy.

-Hitler’s fascist Nazi party gains control of Germany.

-Hitler begins WWII in Europe with the invasion of Poland on 1939.

Atomic Age

1945

-Japanese surrender after Hiroshima and Nagasaki are destroyed.

-Soviets obtain technology information that allows them to begin nuclear weapons program.

-Cold War arms race begins.

Decolonization

1945 - 1960s

-Period of WWII when nationalist and independence movements swept across Africa and Asia.

-End of “New Imperialism” that begun in the 1800s.

Cold War Ends

1989 - 1990s

-Communism in Eastern Europe and USSR collapses.

-Former Soviet republics such as Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania break away from the USSR.

-Russia moves politically towards democracy and economically towards free market capitalism, but its democratic shift stalls when Vladimir Putin becomes president in 2000.

Green Revolution

1960s

-Farmers in developing countries, such as India, apply new technologies and methods to dramatically increase food supply such as new irrigation systems, gasoline powered machines, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides.

Globalization and the Information Age

1990s - 2000s

-After WWII, free trade increases and the world becomes increasingly connected and economically dependent.

-Creation and mass use of the internet, satellite technology, and cell phones.

-Transportation technology, such as shipping containers, improves the movement of goods.

Fascist

Places nation above the individual, stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator, severe economic and social control, and forcible suppression of opposition, national strength is important.

Historical Examples: Hitler’s Germany.

Totalitarian

The state (government) recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible, without any respect for human rights.

Historical Examples: Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union.

Democracy

Power is entrusted to the people and exercised by them through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

Historical Examples: United States, United Kingdom.

Autocracy

A government in which one person possesses unlimited power.

Historical Examples: Louis XIV’s France, Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union.

Authoritarian

Government requiring people to obey strict rules or laws that restrict personal freedom, power concentrated in the hands of a leader without constitutional accountability.

Historical Examples: Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Monarchy

Power is inherited and held for life, power may be absolute or limited by a constitution.

Historical Examples: Louis XIV’s France.

NATO

-After WWII.

-Members: U.S. and Western Europe.

-Military Alliance.

-Containment policy in cold war.

Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo

-1970s Argentina.

-”Dirty War”.

-Marched silently every week for thirty years holding pictures of missing children.

-Effort to address human rights violations.

League of Nations

-After WWI.

-Treaty of Versailles.

-Weak, no army, U.S. was not a member.

-Appeasement policy.

Committee of Public Safety

-French Revolution.

-Claimed to target enemies of the revolution.

-Robespierre.

-Reign of terror with the guillotine.

Warsaw Pact

-Eastern Europe and USSR.

-1955 - 1991.

-Military alliance.

-Communist.

Red Guard

-China.

-Radical students supporting Mao.

-Cultural revolution.

WTO (World Trade Organization)

-Set rules for international trade.

-International organization.

Brownshirts

-AKA “SA” and “Stormtroopers”.

-Hitler’s private army of Nazi intimidators who helped him rise to power.

Untouchables

-India.

-Lowest caste.

-”Undesirables”.

-Granted rights by new laws.

Sepoys

-Indians.

-Mercenaries.

-Worked for the British.

-Rebelled due to British cultural insensitivity.

Boxers

-Chinese nationalists.

-Opposed imperialism.

-1900.

-Anti-foreigner.

OPEC

-Oil-producing nations, most in the Middle East.

-Control the price and production of oil.

-1973: Oil Embargo.

UN

-International organization.

-Created after WWII.

-Bodies: General Assembly and Security Council.

-Declaration of human rights in 1948.

NAFTA

-Members: Mexico, Canada, and the U.S.

-Agreement to promote free trade between member countries.

-Lowered barriers to trade such as tariffs (taxes on imports).

Khmer Rouge

-Communists.

-Cambodia.

-Pol Pot.

-Genocide of a political group.

INC (Indian National Congress)

-Hindu nationalists.

-Gandhi and Nehru.

-Promoted self-determination for India by gaining independence from Britain.

Fascists

-Italy.

-Black Shirts.

-1920s - 1930s.

-Mussolini.

-”Return to Glory of Ancient Rome”.

ANC (African National Congress)

-South Africa.

-Nelson Mandela.

-Opposed apartheid.

-Banned by white government.

Bolsheviks

-Russian revolution.

-1917.

-Communists.

-Lenin.

-”Peace, Bread, Land”.

IMF (International Monetary Fund) and World Bank

-International finance institutions.

-Promote long-term economic development, prosperity, and poverty reduction, particularly in developing nations.

Axis

-WWII military alliance.

-Members: Nazi Germany, Italy, Japan.

Central Powers

-Austria-Hungary and Germany.

-WWI.

-Known as the Triple Alliance before the war.

Allied Powers

-WWI.

-Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. from 1917.

-Military Alliance.

-”Triple Entente” before the war.

Kuomintang

-China.

-Chiang Kai-Shek.

-Nationalists.

-Taiwan.

Al-Qaeda

-Osama Bin Laden.

-Islamic fundamentalism.

-Terrorists.

-9/11/2001

-Want U.S. and the West out of the Middle East.