RHS 260 Exam 1

What does the medical model of disability focus on?

Disability as an individual problem caused by disease/injury; aims to “fix” the person.

What does the social/rights-based model focus on?

Disability as a result of societal barriers; promotes equality, inclusion, and participation.How does the medical model influence AT use?

How does the medical model influence AT use?

Focuses on compensating for individual deficits (e.g., prosthetic limbs).

How does the social model influence AT use?

Focuses on removing barriers and promoting independence (e.g., accessible environments).

What are the elements of formal AT definitions?

Purpose, users, tools/products, and outcomes.

What are the four components of the HAAT model?

Human, Activity, Assistive Technology, and Context.

How does the ICF influence the HAAT model?

Emphasizes health, function, and participation.

What is the CMOP-E model’s focus?

Person, Environment, and Occupation; engagement in activities.

What are the five principles of AT service delivery?

Person-centered, outcome-focused, evidence-informed, ethical, and sustainable.

Example of a person-centered approach?

Custom-fitting a wheelchair to an individual’s needs.

What are the four contextual components?

Physical, social, cultural, and institutional.

What are the four applications of the HAAT model?

Product research/design, clinical use, outcome evaluation, and education.

Define assistive technology (AT).

Any device or system that improves functional capabilities of people with disabilities.

Define assistive product.

A specific tool or item used to increase independence.

Name categories of activities in the ICF.

Learning, mobility, self-care, communication, domestic life, work, community.

Who is a novice user?

Someone new to AT who needs guidance and practice.

Who is an expert user?

Experienced and confident user who customizes AT to personal needs.

What are the four main components of an assistive product?

Control interface, processor, output, and physical interface.

What is the significance of the WHO definition of AT?

It promotes AT as essential for health, participation, and equality.

What is the human rights approach to disability?

Ensures dignity, equality, and participation in all aspects of life.

What are the five key components of CBR strategies?

Health, education, livelihood, social inclusion, empowerment.

Why is reliable disability data important?

Informs policy, funding, and program development.

What are benefits of inclusive education?

Promotes equality, social skills, and academic achievement.

What challenges do children with disabilities face in education?

Inaccessible schools, untrained teachers, stigma, limited resources.

What barriers do people with disabilities face in employment?

Discrimination, lack of accommodations, inaccessible workplaces.

What are the 5Ps of the GATE initiative?

Policy, Products, Provision, Personnel, and People (training).

What are the four principles of biomedical ethics?

Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.

What is distributive justice?

Fair and equitable distribution of resources and services.

What is nonmaleficence?

“Do no harm” — ensure devices are safe and appropriate.

List three ways AT can contribute to stigma.

Poor design, visibility of disability, cultural mismatch.

Benefits of surveillance/monitoring tech?

Safety, independence, early detection.

Ethical concerns of surveillance tech?

Privacy invasion and data misuse.

What is informed consent?

User agreement based on understanding of risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Why is fidelity a common ethical conflict?

Conflicts between loyalty to client vs. employer or funding agency.

Quantitative vs. qualitative assessment?

Quantitative = measurable data; Qualitative = user experiences.

Steps in AT service delivery?

Referral, needs assessment, evaluation, selection, implementation, training, follow-up.

Four context considerations in AT assessment?

Physical, social, cultural, institutional.

Six training strategies?

Demonstration, practice, feedback, peer mentoring, written guides, problem-solving.

Formal vs. informal evaluation?

Formal uses standardized tools; informal relies on observation/interviews.

Factors influencing AT use or abandonment?

Comfort, usability, training, aesthetics, social support.

Three AT funding sources?

Medicaid/Medicare, private insurance, vocational rehab/nonprofits.

Major anatomic control sites?

Hands, head, mouth, eyes, feet, voice.

Two basic selection methods?

Direct (touch or point) and Indirect (scanning/coded).

Function of control interface?

Converts physical actions into device commands.

What is a control enhancer?

Tool that improves accuracy or comfort (e.g., head pointer, keyguard).

When choose speech recognition?

When user has clear speech and needs hands-free operation.

What is an eye-gaze system?

Uses eye movements to control devices.

Multiple vs. integrated control?

Multiple = separate systems; Integrated = combined.
Advantage: Easier use; Disadvantage: Complex setup.

Why is ICT accessibility important?

Ensures inclusion in education, communication, and employment.

What limits mainstream ICT use for people with disabilities?

Small screens, complex gestures, lack of tactile feedback.

What is ambient intelligence?

Smart environments that adapt automatically to users’ needs.

How do global institutions affect ICT accessibility?

Policies (like ADA) drive universal design and inclusion.

Why use third-party software?

To improve accessibility (e.g., screen readers, voice-to-text).

Common way to connect switches to a computer?

USB or Bluetooth.

Major threats to technology access?

High costs, rapid updates, obsolescence, and lack of support.