ap lang midterm

Classical Arrangement

exordium(introduction), narration, confirmation(proof), refutation(counterclaim), conclusion(conclusion)

organization

the arrangement of the information in a text(chronological, cause/effect,problem/solution, or order of importance)

Persona

The role(s) the author/speaker assumes (associated with ethos)

Purpose

The central reason(s) for the writing/speaking

Logos

MESSAGE-to appeal to logic

Ethos

AUTHOR-appeal to credibility

Pathos

AUDIENCE- appeal to emotion

Kairos

The opportune moment for persuasion

Rhetorical Analysis

analyzing how an author/speaker achieves the effects he or she does in a piece of discourse

Style

characteristics of a writer/speaker's work, usually examined in terms of diction and syntax

Tone

The attitude of a writers/speakers work towards the subject or audience(can be described simply of more complicatedly)

Diction

Word choice or use

Personification

implicit comparison where an inanimate or inhuman object is characterized by quality of action associated with human behavior

Polemic language

extremist language, developed heavily connoted word choices

Pun

use of one word to suggest two different meaning, both appropriate: I wondered by he baseball kept getting bigger, then it hit me

Sarcasm

the use of irony to mock or convey contempt

Imagery

Sensory details in a text

Symbol

foreshadowing

verbal irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant

Appositive

Placing one word or phrase next to another to add more detail(definitely also syntax) : Mr smith, the science teacher, was a very happy man

Epithets

Single adjective linked to a person or thing to describe a specific quality: Alexander, the Great

Juxtaposition

Placing side by side comparison: An oxymoron is a small scale example)

Metaphor

Implied comparison- He was a rock

Simile

Like or as to compare two different ideas, things: He stood like a tree

Archaic diction

outdated choice of words- Why dost thou talk like that

Colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

Connotation

associated feelings and emotions around a word

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Euphamism

an under statement using a less offensive word

idiom

an expression in a language that is specific to that language or dialect - Its raining cats and dogs

apostrophe

a direct address to the audience or a character within the work- Congress, why have you not agreed on anything

anachronism

an error in chronology

Syntax

Sentence structure

Inversion (inverted sentence)

a sentence in which the verb predates the subject- Go into the woods, he will give to him a hug

parallelism

Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

Rhetorical question

a question asked for effect rather than to elicit an answer

sentence variety

offering a mix of basic structure types- (Simple,compound,complex)

Purposes

Declarative, Exclamatory, Interrogative, Imperative

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one sentence at the beginning of the following sentence

Anaphor

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines,phrases, clauses, verses or sentences - (Never again will I make the same mistake, Never again will I drink old milk)

Antithesis (repetition, rhythm, and pacing)

grammatical forms or parts of speech that are reared in the sentence and used to express opposing or contrary meaning: He was worried about his reputation, not his income

Epistrophe

the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences(opposite of an Anaphor) - What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lives within us

call to action

A request or petition by the writer to move the reader to take action on an issue

qualifier

a word or phrase that limits a claim, such as usually, sometimes, in many cases unspoken assumption - the writer's belief about the attitudes, values, or knowledge possessed by the readers, audience or subject matter

transitions

a word or phrase designed to emphasize connections between ideas and to move the argument from one section to the next

Antithesis(sneaky argumentative techniques )

makes a connection between two things through contrast or reversal: That's one small step for man, one large step for man kind

Straw Man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses an oversimplified version of the opposing argument

Non sequiter

a statement that does not logically relate to what comes before it

False dilemma/false dichotomy

Posing a false either/or choice when there are more options than what is presented.

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached to quickly without considering all sides of the issue

post hoc

assuming a relationship when there aren't grounds for such an assumption (especially cause and effect)

begging the question

when an arguments premise assumes the truth rather than supporting it - talking around the question

rhetorical devices

literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of a piece of writing

Allusion

A writing tactic used to call something to mind without explicitly saying it

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way for the purpose of clarifying or explaining them

cult

A group that professes great devotion to some set of belief or person and follows that person almost without question.

hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

parallel structure

the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures

Repetition

Repeated use of words in a short time

Satire

the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity

Symbolism

the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities

evidence

the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

warrant

justification or authority for an action, belief, or feeling

reliability

the trustworthiness or act of performing consistently well

qualifiers

a word that limits or enhances another word's meaning

sophistication

a writing style that is consistently vivid and persuasive

brainstorming

group discussion to produce ideas or solve problems.

free write

a pre-writing process in which the author writes for a set period of time without stopping, and without concern for mechanics, audience, conventions

logical fallacy

an invalid or faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument

false analogy fallacy

an argument based on misleading, superficial or impossible comparisons

bandwagon fallacy

error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it

over simplification

the simplification of something so much that a distorted idea was given

society

an organization of persons associated together for many purposes

indoctrination

Teaching someone to accept an idea or principle without question

allude

to hint at, to refer to indirectly

ellude

to avoid or evade

liberal arts

academic subjects such as literature, philosophy,and social and physical sciences as distinct from professional and technical subjects.

meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Phenomena

observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation

Nuance

a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound

Complexity

The state or quality of being intricate or complicated

Humanities

Academic disciplines that study aspect of human society and culture

Posit

to assume as real, put forward as a basis of an argument

Skepticism

a skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something.

syllogistic reasoning

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

Citizens

members of a political community with both rights and responsibilities