Psychology 2e - Chapter 2

What did Francis Sumner work on?

Issues related to psychoanalysis and racial biases in the educational system.

Who was Francis Sumner?, The first African American to complete a PhD in psychology in 1920

Who was Inez Beverly Prosser? The first African American woman who got a PhD in psychology

What are the two types of reasoning in the circle of the scientific method?

Deductive and inductive reasoning

What is deductive reasoning?

Ideas that will be tested in the real world.

What is inductive reasoning?

real world observations lead to new ideas. Usually turns into a generalization of a theory. Observations → Hypothesis → Test in real world.

What is narrative review?

Authors writing descriptions of studies previously conducted.

What is observational research?

Observing behaviors in natural settings or that the observer/measuring tool blends in into the environment.

What is structured observation?

Where scientists use checklist to mark off behaviors.

What is cross-sectional research?

Comparing different segments of a population at the same time

What is observer bias?

When observers skew their observations to better fit their research goals.

What is inter-rater reliability?

A measure of reliability assessing the consistency of observations by other observers.

What is a quasi-experimental test?

A test for cause-and-effect

What happens for ethics for animals?

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) will review ethics for animals