Hematology Final (quizlet)

➢ RBC
➢ Neutrophil
➢ Eosinophil
➢ Basophil
➢ Lymphocytes
➢ Monocytes
➢ Platelets

What are the 7 components of blood?

Purple (best) and green

What color tubes do you use for a CBC?

➢ Plasma
➢ Buffy coat-WBC
➢ RBCs

What are the three parts that anticoagulated whole blood separates into when centrifuged?

Red (best) and tiger/marble

What color tubes do you use for a serum chemistry?

Plasma

the fluid portion of blood which still contains clotting factors

Serum

the fluid portion of blood which remains after the sample is allowed to form a clot

Basophil

Nucleus: elongate to slightly indented
Cytoplasm: light purple, few to numerous small, round, purple granules

Eosinophils

Nucleus: very similar to neutrophils but segments are less defined
Cytoplasm: faint blue with multiple red to red-orange granules

Monocytes

Largest of all of the WBCs
Nucleus: pleomorphic (many shapes)
Cytoplasm: abundant bluish-gray cytoplasm, foamy or ground glass appearance often containing multiple small to large vacuoles

Lymphocytes

Nucleus: round or oval and slightly indented
Cytoplasm: small amount of light blue cytoplasm

RBC (mammals)

transport oxygen to tissues and remove CO2 and other wastes; cells are biconcave disk shapes, nonnucleated, and pink to salmon to red in color

Platelets

Fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
Cytoplasm: light blue with multiple, fine, pink to purple granules

Monolayer

Area on blood smear that cells are arranged in one layer

Birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

Which species have nucleated RBCs?

Neutrophils

Which WBC is the most common in domestic species except for in ruminants and rats/mice?

Monocyte

Which WBC is the largest?

Lymphocytes

Which WBC can become a plasma cell and produce antibodies?

A platelet

What is a thrombocyte?

A RBC

What is an erythrocyte?

A WBC

What is a leukocyte?

0.5 ml/kg

If you are collecting blood from an animal for performing a CBC and serum chemistry, how much blood can you safely collect from that patient every 24 hours?

10ml/kg or 10-15% of body weight

How much blood can safely be collected from a blood donor every 6 - 8 weeks without causing health issues?

Rouleaux formation

arrangement of RBCs in columns or stacks like coins

Agglutination

Antibody coats the RBC surface causing clumping

poikilocytosis

variation in cell shape; a general term for the presence of abnormally shaped RBCs when a more specific term does not apply (see following slides for specific abnormal shapes)

Echinocytes

crenated RBCs

Acanthocytes

"burr cells" or "spur cells"

Codocytes:

target cells
Contains a thicker, darker staining center surrounded by a lighter staining area and a darker periphery

Knizocytes

bar cells
Darker staining central area which extends across the cell with a pale area on either side

Stomatocytes

Elongated, often curved, central pale area often resembling a mouth or a smiley face

Spherocytes

thickened or rounded, smaller (microcytic), and darker staining ("hyperchromic") RBCs

Schistocyte/Schizocyte

irregular RBC fragment due to mechanical damage to the cell membrane

Keratocyte

"helmet cell"; a RBC with a portion removed

Dacryocyte

teardrop shaped RBC

Drepanocyte

sickle cell
Elongated, thread-like cell

Nucleated RBCs

Appear similar to small lymphocytes BUT the color is more red compared to the bluish - purple color of lymphocytes

Reticulocytes: immature RBCs

Polychromatic (blueish) and macrocytic (larger)

Howell-Jolly Body:

Small retained portion of the nucleus
Single, round, and randomly located within the cell

Heinz Body

Small, round to irregular, refractile denatured hemoglobin that is bright and colorless with slightly darkened edges

Basophilic stippling

RBCs contain scattered, small to medium, blue staining dots

Variation in size of RBC (Macrocytes, Normocytic, Microcytes)

What is anisocytosis?

Variation in cell shape

What is poikilocytosis?

RBCs with a faint to obvious blue color- variation in color

What is polychromasia?

RBCs have increased central pallor and less heme (pale in color)

What is hypochromasia?

Rouleaux

arrangement of RBCs in a columns or stacks like coins. Disperse in saline

Agglutination

antibody coats that RBC surface causing clumping. Does not disperse in saline

Howell-Jolly Body, Basophilic stippling

Which RBC inclusions stain well with Diff Quick?

Heinz Body, Reticulocytes

Which RBC inclusions stain well only with New Methylene Blue?

Physical barriers(mucus membranes) , Chemical Barriers (tears), Inflammation

What are the non-specific immune responses

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

What are the specific immune responses?

Innate immunity

What is another name for non-specific immune response?

Acquired immunity

What is another name for specific immune response?

▪ Humoral (fluid) response
▪ Cell-mediated response

What are the two categories of specific immune response?

Overall picture of the status of the WBCs in the body

What is the definition of a leukogram?

Normal physiological changes in the leukogram may be caused by

What is a physiologic leukocytosis?

Increased neutrophils and monocytes decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils

What does a pathologic stress leukogram look like?

Increased numbers of WBCs due to a physiological change that is not associated with disease

What does a physiologic stress leukogram look like?

Abnormal change in appearance of neutrophils in circulation

What is toxic change?

Eosinophils

Which WBC plays a role in managing parasitic infections and allergic reactions?

Neutrophils

Which WBC is the first responder in an inflammatory response?

When rapid loss and increased demand for neutrophils leads to increased production by the bone marrow to keep up with demand in the body

What is happening in the leukogram when a 'left shift' is present?

Regenerative

Immature forms are \=/< mature adult forms (segmented neutrophils). Bone marrow can meet the needs

Degenerative:

Immature forms \> mature adult forms. Bone marrow cannot meet the needs

Monocytes and Macrophages

Which WBC plays a role in both the non-specific and specific immune responses?

Phagocytosis

What is this cell's role in the non-specific immune response?

Antigen presenting cells

What is this cell's role in the specific immune response?

B lymphocytes

Which WBC produces antibodies?

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE

What are the four antibodies commonly found in animals?

IgG

Which antibody is the most found in the blood?

➢ PCV/TS
➢ Blood smear evaluation
➢ Calculations (Total WBC and RBC Counts, Exact Platelet Estimate, RBC Indices)

What are the three components of the CBC

➢ Differential WBC Count
➢ Platelet Estimate
➢ RBC/WBC/Platelet morphology

Which elements of the CBC can you perform using only the blood smear?

100 x oil immersion

What magnification will you use to perform the Differential WBC Count?

100

How many WBCs must you count to complete the Differential WBC Count?

% of each type of total WBCs counted

What are the units for reporting your Differential WBC Counts?

neucleated red blood cell

You perform a Corrected WBC Count when you observe what on the blood smear?

Corrected WBC count \= (Total WBC count x 100)/(100 + nRBC count)

What is the formula for calculating the Corrected WBC Count?

WBC/ cu mm

What is the unit of measurement for this value?

Absolute WBC count \= % of each WBC type from the Differential WBC Count x Total WBC count (WBCs/cu mm)

What is the formula for calculating the Absolute WBC Count?

name of WBC/ cu mm

What is the unit of measurement for this value?

Primarily located in the hepatocyte (liver) secondary to liver damage or disease.

ALT and SDH

indicator for biliary obstruction

ALP and GGT

Mainly located in the hepatocyte (liver) secondary to liver damage or disease. Also found in RBCs, muscle, kidneys (renal), and pancreas

AST

Yes, it can make it appear elevated

If hemolysis is present, does this affect AST?

Yes, and if CK levels are increased it means muscle damage

If muscle damage is present, does this affect AST?

CK

Which value can you use to determine if muscle damage is present?

AST

Which value is a liver function test?

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Which values are used to evaluate kidney function?

Amylase/ Lipase

Which values are used to evaluate the pancreas?

Lactate

Which value would be helpful in assessing tissue perfusion?

Decreased numbers of RBCs in circulation

What is an anemia?

-MCV
-MCHC
-MCH

What are the RBC Indices?

MCV

Which RBC Index tells you about RBC size?

Macrocytic

What term is used to describe a large RBC?

microcytic

What term is used to describe a small RBC?

MCHC

Which RBC Index tells you about hemoglobin concentration?

• hypochromic

What term is used to describe a RBC with decreased hemoglobin?

Reticulocytes are present

If polychromasia is present on the blood smear, how will this affect MCHC?

Increases numbers of RBCs in circulation

What is a polycythemia?

Reticulocyte count

What information should you look for on your CBC to tell you whether an anemia is regenerative or nonregenerative?

New Methylene Blue

If I need to perform a manual reticulocyte count, what is the stain I should use for making the blood smear to perform this count?