Psychology of Prejudice and Stereotyping Test 1

Kazoop vs babber study

A research study comparing the effects of two different interventions, Kazoop and Babber, on children's cognitive development and learning outcomes. 3 year old children showed a gender, but not a race preference. 

Prejudice

An attitude directed toward people because they are members of a specific social group

Discrimination

Treating people differently based on group membership. (behavior)

Stereotypes

Associations and attributions of specific characteristics to a group.Typical picture that comes to mind when thinking of a group (cognition)

Cultural discrimination

Differential treatment based on cultural background or identity, often leading to marginalization.

Institutional Discrimination

Systemic policies or practices that disadvantage certain groups through organizational means.

Parafoveal Priming

A phenomenon in which peripheral vision influences the processing of a target stimulus that is not directly fixated on, affecting attention and perception.

Theories

A systematic and evidence-based explanation for observable human behaviors, mental processes, and phenomena used to make predictions about future occurrences and guide research

Postulates

A stated relationship between variables that can be tested (ie: prejudice is based on social norms)

Hypothesis

A precise, testable statement proposing a specific relationship or outcome between two or more variables

Reliability

consistency

Validity

Accuracy

Unobtrusive measures

Behavioral measures that appear to have nothing to do with prejudice and discrimination

Physiological measures

Changes in body response to a stimulus (hard to distinguish emotions from the same physiological response)

Implicit Cognitive Measures

Low validity, low predictability, tends to reflect cultural views rather than individual biases. Not very correlated with explicit bias. Non-directional.

Misattribution Procedure

a psychological implicit attitude measure that assesses unconscious feelings and attitudes by exposing participants to a neutral target image after a brief presentation of a target stimulus designed to evoke an emotional response. More reliable than IAT.

Social desirability

Changing responses to comply with perceived societal norms

Lab experiments

High control, low external validity/generalizability

Field Experiments

Hard to control external variables, more generalizable

Ethnographic Studies

Qualitative research, not generalizable

Content Analyses

Evaluating existing products, subjective, limited explanatory power

Minimal Group Paradigm

Minimal requirements needed for turning groups against each other

Categorization-competition hypothesis

Forming and in group and out group automatically triggers feelings of competition, leading to ingroup favoritism

Self esteem hypothesis

When a group with which we identify does well, we feel good

Threat

The more threat we experience from a group the more prejudice we will exhibit

Essentialism

Believing in fixed traits

Complex social identity

Leads to less prejudice

Relative deprivation

resentment when another group is believed to have more resources than one’s own group

Intergroup Threat Theory

Prejudice derives from realistic and symbolic threats

Cognitive Theory

Prejudice is universal and inevitable, stereotyping is a normal cognitive process that simplifies processing social information

Stable oppression

Lower status group accepts lower status 

Unstable oppression

Lower status group rejects lower status

Bottom up processing

We perceive people based on observable characteristics. Prototypically leads to faster categorization. Ambiguous people get classified in their minority group.

Top down processing

Processing of information based on prior knowledge and expectations of what members of a group will be like. Influences by stereotypes and situational influence (Asian woman in a group of Asian men will be categorized as woman)

Outgroup homogeneity effect

People see members of their group as very different from one another, but see members of outgroups as being more similar to one another

Ingroup overexclusion

Don’t want to accidentally let an outgroup member into the ingroup

Social Role Theory

We associated characteristics of a role with individuals who occupy it

Ultimate Attribution Error

We attribute positive behavior by ingroup members to disposition and attribute positive behavior by outgroups to situational factors

Illusory Correlation

Incorrectly linking two characteristics (correlation ≠ causation)

Man-first principle

Brothers and sisters, men get announced first

Self-fulfilling prophecies

when a false belief or expectation influences behavior in a way that makes the initial belief come true

Stereotype Threat

People have a concern about fulfilling a stereotype about their group. This concern often ends up with them confirming the stereotypes, which creates underperformance relative to their actual ability