Unit 1: Late Middle Ages + Renaissance

Black death

bubonic plague led to 1/3 loss of pop in Europe, mostly in cities

percentage of loss due to bubonic plague in major cities

1/2

feudalism

serfs live on manor, everyone pays dues to king

nobles have armies for king, therefore king is reliant on nobles

Hundred years war

war between the English and French about claim to the french throne

weapons used in hundred years war

longbow and cannons for some reason idk

Crusades

series of religious wars to take back Jerusalem from Muslim Empire

purpose of crusades

reclaim holy land

show power of Pope

Effects of crusades

proliferation of knowledge from Muslim Empire back to Europe

increased trade

Scholasticism

system of theology + philospophy based on religion taught / common among people during medieval period

Renaissance

Rebirth involving revival of values, scholarship and culture of ancient Greece

effect of hundred years war

French win and England is removed from France

Effects of the Black Death

labor shortage leading to peasants and artisans demanding higher wages

→ Peasants revolt + Ciompi

questioning of church

anti semitism

Jacob Burckhardt

created modern concept of renaissance

Modern concept of renaissance

sudden break with the middle ages

Italy as birthplace of modern world

perfect of the individual, secularism, revival of antiquity

Humanism

intellectual movement of the renaissance

used reason and classical ideas to solve problems of the world

still christian but focused on secular rather than religious issues

emphasized worth of individuals, beauty of nature, focus on humanity

individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

decline of feudalism

nobles lost power, kings gained power, peasants gained power through economic freedom

declineo f the church

power struggle causing the great schism, and various other events caused doubt about the church’s stability

Pope boniface VIII

pope that fought with phillip IV of france

what did phillip wnat

to tax the french clergy

unam scandam

papal bull which stated phillip couldn’t tax French clergy

clemont V

french pope that caused the papacy to move to france

great schism

2 different popes elected (one french, one italian) causing loyalties to divide

fall of constantinople

ottoman takes over constantinople leading to the fall of the byzantine

constantinople was significant for christians leading to skepticism

what era does the renaissance mark the beginning of

early modern

characteristics of renaissance humanism

secularism + skepticism

classicism

individualism

scientific naturalism and realism

consumerism and power

geographic characteristics of florence/italy

center of roman empire + classical knowledge

center of mediterranean trade

urbanization of florence + italy

more urbanized than other parts of europe

in most of europe 10% were in cities vs 25% in italy

political variety in italy

italian city states were not unified

this led to political and economic freedom to pursue intellectual pursuits

italian communes

city states develop because of economic activity of the crusades and commercial revolution

exempted from feudal structures and obligations

this led to independent self sufficient governments to develop

florence economy

textile industry flourished

international banking + finanace

baking and finance in florence

opened banks all over europe

treasurers and tax collectors of church

banking was mostly just for the wealthy

fiscal admin of papacy

main government of italy

republic led by guilds rather than nobles and kings

what family dominated the gov

medici because of their wealth

what significance did wealth hold in the renaissance italy

wealth = power vs in europe, wealth = status

why did the renaissance occur in italy

nobles were more concerned with making money and cultural achievements

family blending led to wealth and achievement over lineage

medici banking

medici banks were the papal bankers with bansk around europe

what did medici use money for

investment into wide variety of businesses and a huge fortune in florence

cosimo de medici

owned 3 textile factories + many banks → involved in two largest and most lucrative industries

catherine de medici

queen of france

what were medieval kings seen as

representatives of God on earth

chosen to govern over their particular kingdom, but part of greater christendom identity

medieval kings are to act with christian doctrine

nicolo machiavelli

florentine diplomant and political theorist

wrote the prince

what countries was machiavelli a diplomat for

france and germany

what was the prince

guidebook for rulers

the ends justify the means

context to the prince

italian city states fought over borders, and diplomats had to balance power in italian city states

french and spanish fought in italy until mid 15th century

machiavelli entered political service after medici- kkicked out

when spanish defeated france → medici put back into power and machiavelli was exiled

purpose of the prince

to get back into good graces of the edici

perhaps to criticize current types of gov

or to expose and call for reform

significance of machiavelli

shift away from morality and more to political logic

political logic over religion

new monarchs

monarchs that centralized their power

what led to new monarchs

less relience on nobles, bc monarchs could now have their own armies

recovery of power after calamities of 14th century

feudalism declined

what did new monarchs do to centralize power

got rid of nobles’ armies

expanded gov and beaureaucracies

efficient taxation

national identity

control of religious institutions

new monarch of england

king henry VII

how did king henry VII of tudor centralize power

ended war of roses

prohibited livery and maintenance

utilized star chamber

used justices of peace to enforce laws throughout kingdom

made english monarchy more stable thru staying out of wars

two sides of war of roses

house of lancaster (red)

house of york (white)

livery and maintenance

practice where nobility maintained private armies

star chamber

royal council

new monarchs of france

Louis XI, Francis I-Valois

new monarchs of spain

ferdinand and isabella

HRE “new monarchs”

maximillian I and charles v-habsburg

why did centralized monarchies in eastern europe fail

religious and ethnic diversity made unification difficult

constant threat by expansion of ottoman empire

nobles had too much power, even when there were centralized monarchies, power returned to the nobles

russia was under the control of mongols

boccaccio

described faily life of people in Decameron, written in vernacular

Dante algieri

emphasizes indvidual and classical figures in divine comedy

Petrarch

emphasized use of classical Latin, named Middle Ages

renaissance view on education

theology was no longer a focus

believed education could change humans

emphasized importance of liberal studies as key to unlock full potential

civic humanism

combines traditional values of roman republican gov with humanist eudcation

leonardo bruni

commonly associated with civic humanism

realism

portraying social political or economic realities

more emotion over anatomical accuracy

naturalism

potraying humans as accurately ffrom a scientific perspective

classicism

following of greco roman values in art

perspective and scale

graphic system that creates illusion of depth and volume on a 2d surface

linear perspective

using lines to show distance and depth of objects

geometric arrangement

arrangement of figures to form geometric shapes

what does geometric arrangement emphasize

topi of triangle

creates balance and shi

chairoscuro

use of extreme contrast between light and dark causigng dramatic effect

stumato

blurring or softening of sharp outlines by gradually blending

Da vinci

renaissance an, dissected corpses to study muscular anatomy

applied anatomical knowledge to art

michelangelo

renaissance man and sculptor, architect etc

raphael

perfected renaissance painting

improved perspective and realism by studying da vinci and michelangelo

favorite of the popep

pre gutenberg

everything is done by hand

people used stamps but they were too specific, took to long to make, and were fragile

who invented the printing press

chinese, but improved by Johannes gutenberg

effects of gutenberg

lowered price of books

books were in vernacular and more accessible

helped spredad renaissance ideas to northern europe

why was northern europe behind during the renaissance

political instabilty caused by 100 years war

slow social economic recovery from black death

hre had no centralized monarchy

differences in subject for northern vs italian

northern was domestic and religious

italian is only religious and classical

human comparison

northern - lifelike and unflattering at times

italian - anatomically accurate and idea

style of north vs italian

north- hyperrealism and decorative details

italian - spacial harmony

perspective differences

northern 0 comprehension is not fully mastered

italian - perspective and proportion is key

color differences

richer in north

lighter in italy

albrecht durer

produced woodcuts and engravings whose realism influenced other northern aritsts

showed not just religious matter but also classicla mythology and realistic landscapes

jan van eyck

creative techniquest o achieve most realistic detail with oil based paints

several layers to create variety of colors and 3d appearance to clothing and jewelry

pieter bruegel the elder

painted scnes of everyday life