Unit 2: Age of Reformation (copy)

John Wycliffe

An English theologian and reformer who advocated for the translation of the Bible into English and criticized the Catholic Church's wealth and corruption.

Jan Hus

A Czech theologian and reformer known for criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences and being burned at the stake for heresy in 1415.

Erasmus

A Dutch humanist and theologian who called for reform in the Catholic Church and emphasized the study of classical texts.

Savonarola

An Italian friar who criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and was executed for heresy in 1498.

Sola Scriptura

The belief that the Bible is the only source of divine revelation and the ultimate authority for Christian faith.

Sola Fide

The belief that salvation is through faith alone, without the need for good works.

Sola Gratia

The doctrine that salvation is a free gift of God's grace and cannot be earned.

Council of Trent

A key event in the Catholic Reformation addressing criticisms and reaffirming Catholic teachings.

The Thirty Years' War

A destructive religious conflict from 1618 to 1648 between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Absolutism

A political system where monarchs claim absolute power and authority over their subjects.

The Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 treaty that established the principle of 'cuius regio, eius religio,' allowing princes to choose their territory's religion.

Mannerism

An artistic style emerging in the late Renaissance characterized by exaggerated proportions and artificial colors.

Baroque Art

A 17th-century art style known for its dramatic use of light and shadow, emotional intensity, and grandeur.

Papal Authority

The belief in the Pope's supreme power over the Church, which was criticized during the Reformation.

Clerical Celibacy

The requirement for priests to remain celibate, which led to many abuses and criticisms.

Luther's 95 Theses

A list of criticisms of the Catholic Church authored by Martin Luther that sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Predestination

Calvin's belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.

Anabaptists

A reformative group that advocated for adult baptism and the separation of church and state.

Huguenots

French Protestants who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, emphasizing education and missionary work.

Economic Developments

Changes in trade and the rise of capitalism influenced by the Protestant Reformation.

Religious Conflicts

Wars and tensions between Catholics and Protestants that arose as a result of the Reformation.

The Catholic Reformation

Also known as the Counter-Reformation, it aimed to address the issues raised by the Protestant Reformation.