AP Biology 1.2,1.4,1.8- Experimental Design, Properties of Water, Carbon

Experimental Design, Properties of Water, Carbon

science

a branch of knowledge based on objectivity, involving observation and experimentation, requires scientific inquiry

scientific inquiry

questioning the natural world and performing experiments to glean explanations

hypothesis

a tentative, yet specific and testable explanation for the problem or question you are attempting to answer

null hypothesis

no observed effect on the experiment, the IV has no effect on the DV

alternative hypothesis

there will be an observed effect for an experiment, difference is due to independent variable

experimental group

the group that receives the treatment

control group

the group that doesn't receive treatment

negative control

group that is expected to have no effect and has no effect

positive control

group that is expected to have a known effect and has a known effect

ionic bonds

form when atoms transfer electrons, resulting in charged particles that attract one another

covalent bonds

occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable configuration

hydrogen bonds

weaker attractions between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and a highly electronegative atom in another molecule

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons and result in a molecule with partial charges

nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons and lead to a molecule with no significant charge separation

electronegativity

an atom’s attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond

cohesion

tendency of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonding

adhesion

the ability of water molecules to stick to other surfaces

specific heat

energy needed to change temperature

heat of vaporization

the energy needed to change the state

surface tension

a phenomenon that results in the tendency of a liquid’s surface to resist rupture when placed under the tension or stress

hydrocarbons

molecules consisting of only carbon and hysrogen

functional groups

the parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

polymers

long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain (made of monomers and attached by covalent bonds)