AP history exam review

leonardo da vinci (1452-1519)

italian painter, architect inventor and “renaissance man” responsible for the “mona lisa” and the “last supper”

desiderius ersamus (1466-1536)

scholar rom holland who defined the humanist ovement in northern europe, translated the new tesatment into greek

renee descartes (1596-1650)

french philosopher and mathematician who is regarded as the father of modern philosophy “i think therefore i am”

galileo(1564-1642)

italian astroer, physicist and engineer whose pioneering work with telescopes enabled him to describe the moons of jupiter and the rings of saturn- was placed under house arrest for his views

nicholaus copernius (1473-1543)

mathematician and astronoer who made the first modern scientific argument for the concpet of a heliocentric solar system

thomas hobbes (1588-1679)

english philosopher and author of leviathan

dante (1265-1321)

italian philosopher, poet, and writer who authored the divine comedy

niccolo machiavelli (1469-1527)

italian diplomatand philosopher famous for writing the price and the discourse on livy

william tyndale (1494-1527)

english biblical translator, humanist and scholar burned at the stake for translating the bible into english

william shakespere (1564-1616)

most famous playwright of all tie

donatello (1386-1466)

itlaian sculptor celelbrated for lifelike sculptures like “david”

sandro bottticello (1455-1510)

itlalian painter of the birth of venus

rapheal (1483-1520)

italian painter who learned from da vinci and michelangelo, best known for his paintings of the madonna

1325-1527

when the renaissance took place

what was the renaissance

rebirth of ancient greek and roan ideas after they had laid dormant during the middle ages

private citizens sponsor the arts to show off their wealth

merchant classes start to develop

sack of constantinople 1453

constantinople was the trade hub until it was overtaken by the orron empore who wanted access to the silk road as well as access into europe

why the renaissance began in italy

after the sack of constantinople italy was located in the middle of europe and was an easy gateway of trade

key features of renaissance europe

political centralization

urban, commerican capitalist economy

growing secular though and culture

humanism

the prince by machiavelli

advocated for a strong and sometimes ruthless leader, immoral acts can be justified by political glory- ends justify the means

france invasion of italy 1494

habsburg valois war, Henry VII ceded Francis I and declared war agaisnt the HRE charles V

rome sack of 1527

Charles V army mutanies and marches on rome lead by the duke of burbon and destory and pilliage rome marking the end of the itallian renaissance

humanism

the study of ancient greek and latin classics in the hope of reviving worthy ancient values, emphaisxes the human potienal and the achievements of man, the ability to use intellect, not a lrage focus on religious themes

civic humanism

doing what is best for state and society

impact of the printing press by gutenburg

creates an age of information, creates assesable knowledge, beginning of censorship by those in power

thomas moore

wrote utopia which stressed that society , not indivual pople needed changing

northern humanism

eduaction was the key to moral and intellectual improvement

political reason for consolodation of the monarchy

decline of fudealismm build bureaucracy of people loyal to them, increased national sentiment, conquer territores and secure baorders, control representative asseblies, develop standing armies, swear allignece to the monarchy not the king

economic reason for consolodating the monarchy

increase efficentcy of taxes, exploration of new world creates new wealth, expanded trade and industry in cities leads to more taxable income

religious reason for consolodation of the monarchy

movements towards secularlism and divison of the church and state

social reason for consolodation of the monarchy

subdue the nobility as the middle class increases

intellecutal reason for the consolodation of the monarchy

influcenced by humanisets as royal offices become staffed with the middle class as they are educated

the war of roses 1455-1485

yorks vs the lancasters- english civil war between two of the most influential families, both believe they have claim to the throne, defeated by edwatd VI in 1471

women in the renaissance

stay modest and obdient, edcated only in religon or household duties, no power in law, politics, or professions, women did not see progress during the reanissance expect for a few elite exceptions

concordat of bologna 1516

pope gets first year of income of new bishops and abbots but the french king controls the appointmetns

1492 the reconquista of granada

brings spanisg chrch under state control, ended toleration of muslims and jews who were forced to convert of expelled

the avignon papacy

also known as the babylon captivity, 7 popes resided in France instead of roe and indulgences increased as popes were cut off fro thier treasury

indulgences

paying teh church for religous forgiveness- supposed to be acts of penance byt corruption leads to this becoming rich peopele being able to pay money to behave badly

causes of the reformation

induglences

the great schis

the renaissance papcy corruption udner Julius II (warrior pope)

lay criticis of the hcurhc was growing, more poeple seeking eagletarian churhc

humanism inspires people to challenge churhc sogas

the brothers of the common life

stressed indivdual oiety and practical religion, see the corruption of the church, become the source of humanist, protestant , and catholic refor movements

corruption of the catholic church before reform

drinking neglecting vows of celibacy, leading wars, fiinacing wars to gain land

simony

the sale of religious office to the highest bidder

absenteeism

members of the clergy who do not live in their parish

Martin luther and his 95 thesis

directly started the protestant reformation, which was a new christian movement, his 95 thesis opposed indulgences

questioend the infallibility of the pope and the inerrancy of church council

believed in the authority of scripture alone

excommuncicated in 1520

diet of worms 1521

places luther under imperial ban but he is hid by frederick the wise who translated the bible

the schmalkadic league 1531

formed as a military alliance to defend lutheran interests

the peace of ausburg 1555

makes the divison of christendom permanent

cuis regio, elus religio

the ruler of a land determines it’s religion

ulrich zqingli

opposed the sale of indulgences and religious superstition, ended priestly celibacy and preached the authority of scirpture alone

presdestination

the doctrine that only a chosen few are saved by Gods grace alone without regard to act or faith

john Calvin

creates religion based around predestination

act of supremacy 1534

Henry VII is declared supreme head of the church of england

pilgrimage of grace 1536

an uprising against King Henrys reformation of the Church of england

Mary Tudor

Rules after her son Edward dies, she reforms the church and kills protestants

elizabeth I

was a politique, took the middle road and compromised between religions believing that national unity was most importance

jesuits

founded by lgnatius of loyola and preached self mastery through disciple, self sacrafice, and obedience

the council of trent

under the popes control, reformed the churhc through internal disciple

bishops needed to regularly spend tie in their dioceses

protests were required to be neatlu dressed, educated, and celibate

reaffir good works, traditon, and indulgences

motives for exploration

demand for luxeries and spices after the black plague revivial

portugal: wants to christianize muslims and import gold from west africa, find a sea route to india to obtain indian spices

renaissance curiosity- desire to know more about the geograpy and other cultures

political centralization

new monaries in France, spain, and england allows exploration

advances in navigation

magnetic compass, astrolae, caravels with triangle sails more cargo space and cannons, ptolomeys geography

Bartholomew daiz-

portugueses explorer who rounded the cape of good hope in 1487

christopher colombus

genoese explorer who “discovered” the new world while sailing for spain looking for a route to china (1492)

vasco da gama

portuguese expolorer who reached india by rounding the cape of good hope wit the help of the indian guide (1497)

amerigio vaspucci

florentine explorer who realized the americas were a new continent

vasco de balboa

spanish explorer who was the first european to see the pacific ocean

ferdinand magellan

portuguese explorer who was the first person to circimnavigate the globe

hernando cortes

spanish conquistador who conquered the mexica (aka the aztec) empire: defeated motexuma by exploiring internal dissention

samuel du champlain

founded quebec in 1608

intendant system

used to settle france using representatives from the king

roanoke 1585

englands first colony

1607 jamestown

english colony, relied on the antive powhatans for help w/ food; began growing tobacco

1620 plymouth

english pilgrims settle in new colony seeking religious freedoms

house of seville

controlled the flow of goods and people to/from colonies in spain

ecomienda system

the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of native americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

spanish inflation

spanish population increased and demand increased (as well as shortages of supply) which lead to inflation- precious metals from colonies worsen this

europe price revolution

inflation spreads from spain, middle class merchants benefit while the poor suffer

birth of mercantilism

wanting to create a favourable balance of trade and accumulate bullion through acqusition of colonies

mercantillism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state specifically its supply of silver and gold, colonies should sell ore then they import

the columbian exchange

the process in which the migaration of new poeple to the new world led to an exchange of animals, plants, and diseases

europeans- gain new crops

native americans- new livestock

the glorious revolution

James II of engalnd was pro catholic and threatened “traditional liberties” especially after the puritain republic established by oliver crowell, parliament invited william of orange III and Mary to take over the throne and James II flees with little conflict, transforms england from an absolutist monarchy into a consitutional monarchy

the treaty of tordsillas

established by pope alexander Vi of spain that said spain would inherit everything slightly west of cape verde and portugal would inherit the east

haciendas

large estates used for grazing and platations

peace of westphalia

treaty that ended the 30 years war which was one of the bloodiest wars in european history

recognized the independance of the swiss comfederacy and the netherlands

reinstated the peace of augsburg with the addition of calvinism

napoleon 1775

saved the directory from conter revolutionary forces, named the “saviour of the republic”

napoleon 1778

lost the battle of the nile to british admiral horatio nelson and discovered the rosetta stone

1799 november napoleon

coup d;’etat on 19 brumaire places napoleon in power

1800 napoleon

plebicite approves new consitiution

plebiscite

a roman term for voting vy all “citizens”

1802 napoleon

napoleon is decalared “consul for life”

napoleonic code

1. laws should be based on reason and common sense rather than tradition and history

2. all men should be treated equally and garunteed rights under the

   • the right to property

   • abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serdom

   • made women legally dependant on menL could not own property, could be jailed for adultery, had to submit to the will of her husband

battle of traflager 1805

“if we are masters of the channel for 6 hours we are masters of the world”

defeated by the BR navy led by lord nelson

battle makes napoleon realize he will never invade engalnd and resort to strangling the economically

austerlitz 1805

major victory for france; la grande armee vs the thrid coalition

becomes king italy

leads to the treaty of tilst between russia and france

the continental system 1807

created with the goal of isolating BR economically by forbiding french allies from importing BR goods, bu was very hard to enforce and was a failure

napoleons invasions of russia

russia withdrew from the continental system 600,000 french soilders marched into russia

russia retreats and uses the scorched earth policy

looses 500,000 men

causes of the haitian revoultion

the revoultionary era of the 18th c sparls ideals of equality freedom and liberty leading to FPOC and later slaves in haitai to demand greater rights

vincent ofe

free man of colour riases an army against french colonists in saint dominque to win the rights of his people and is defeated

haitian slave revolt

groups of slaves take teh unrest into their own hands and plan an insurrection that begin in plantations and sweep northern plains

britian and spain and the haritian revoultion

offer freedom to rebel slaves who fight for them as they attempt to invade french territory

leads to france offering freedo to slaves who fight for france

toussaint l’ouventure

joins french side and rises to power as he is named french commander

andre riguard

envious of grwoing power of former slaves attempts to overthrow toussaint but is defeated