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Genocide
the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. It aims to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
Policy of appeasement
giving into an aggressor in order to keep peace. This approach was notably employed by European powers towards Nazi Germany before World War II.
causes of WW2
Treaty of Versailles, Rise of the Italian fascism, Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party, Fascism, Japanese Expansion. Economic instability and militarism.
Lend-lease Act
Allowed US to send supplies and lease arms to nations whose defense was important to the US. This act was passed in March 1941. It marked a significant shift in American foreign policy, supporting Allies without direct military involvement.
Battle of Britain
an aerial battle fought in World War II between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. considered the first major allied victory and was a crucial turning point in the war. The battle lasted from July to October 1940, demonstrating the effectiveness of British defense and boosting Allied morale.
WAAC
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps- The women's branches of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Coast Guard, established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs. (being a nurse). They served in various support roles, freeing men for combat duty.
Battle of the Atlantic
The Germans targeted the British naval war that lasted 6 years, this was a battle to control the Atlantic shipping lanes. Led to the loss of many ships and limited success. campaign for dominance over maritime routes, involving U-boats and Allied convoys. This battle was crucial for the supply lines of the Allies, impacting their ability to sustain forces in Europe during World War II.
George Marshall
Former World War II general who became secretary of state under President Truman. He was the originator of the concept of the Marshall Plan to provide aid to reconstruct Western Europe in 1947. He played a vital role in post-war recovery and reshaping European economies.
President Truman
the 33rd president who led us through the last few months of WW2. Truman is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. He also established the Truman Doctrine, which aimed to contain communism globally.
GI Bill of Rights
this helped ease the transition of returning servicemen to civilian life. Also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act. This bill provided education for veterans and helped them pay to support their families when they came home from war, paid by the federal government. It offered benefits like low-interest loans and unemployment compensation.
Internment camps
Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President. These camps were established due to fears of espionage and sabotage after the attack on Pearl Harbor, leading to significant loss of property and civil liberties for those interned.
Battle of the Bulge
This was a battle in the winter of 1944-1945 between the Germans and Allied forces on the western front. This war was one of the last before the surrender of Germany. It was the single largest bloodiest battle American forces experienced, with 19,000 deaths. The Battle of the Bulge was a surprise German offensive aimed at splitting Allied forces and capturing the port of Antwerp, marking a pivotal moment in WWII.
D-Day
June 6, 1944. turning point in the war;over 9,000 soldiers died. Western Allies landed in Northern France to open a Second Front against Germany. The Normandy Invasion drove the Germans out of France. This operation was crucial for the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi occupation, marking the beginning of the end for German forces in the war.
VE-Day
Victory in Europe day. This is the day that the war in Europe is finally over. May 8, 1945. It marks the official acceptance of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender by the Allies, concluding the European theater of World War II.
Manhattan Project
a research and development undertake during WW2 that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was initiated by the United States, with support from the United Kingdom and Canada, and led to the creation of atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Atomic Bomb
The Atomic Bomb was dropped on Japan Hiroshima on 1945 6th of August, by President Truman. Killed many people and destroyed cities. Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally about a week after the bombs were dropped. The atomic bomb is a weapon that releases a massive amount of energy through nuclear reactions, specifically the splitting of atomic nuclei, causing large-scale destruction.
Office of Price Administration
this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was a wartime agency that managed price controls and rationing to prevent inflation during World War II. It aimed to stabilize the economy by regulating prices and ensuring the fair distribution of scarce resources.
Nisei
Japanese naturalized or native born citizens to the US. Nisei were the children of Japanese immigrants who were born in the United States. They faced significant discrimination during World War II, including internment in camps.
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. The Truman Doctrine was announced in 1947 and served as a critical component of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, aimed at containing the spread of communism.
Result of the Korean War
a war fought on the Korean Peninsula from 1950 to 1953 after troops from communist North Korea, armed with Soviet weapons, invaded democratic South Korea, prompting the United States and the United Nations to send forces to support South Korea and fight to unify the Korean Peninsula into one democratic nation, which in turn prompted China to join the war on North Korea's side; at war's end, the peninsula remained divided into two nations. The result of the Korean War was a continued division of Korea, with North Korea remaining a communist state supported by China and South Korea as a democratic nation backed by the United States and its allies.
U-2 incident
May 1, 1960. American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers shot down and captured in Soviet Union. Eisenhower ultimately took responsibility for the spy plane; Premier Khrushchev angrily called off Paris summit conference: 1941-1960. This incident heightened Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, revealing U.S. espionage activities and leading to significant diplomatic fallout.
McCarthyism
the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It is associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy during the early Cold War era, particularly in the 1950s, when he led investigations into alleged communist infiltration in the government and other sectors.
HUAC
House of Un-American Activities Committee- Used to investigate any disloyalty & subversive activities on part of private citizens,public employees, and those organizations suspected of communism. The HUAC was particularly active during the Red Scare of the 1950s, conducting high-profile investigations and hearings that targeted suspected communists in various sectors, including entertainment and government.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
former WW2 hero in the pacific- combined troups of south korea and USA were placed under his command, he wanted to spread the war into china; he tried to get bombs to bomb china behind Trumans back but truman fired him and he faded away. He was a five-star general and played a significant role in the Pacific theater during World War II and later served as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan, overseeing its post-war reconstruction.
Suburbia
The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WWII. Middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders; GI's got housing after WW2. Suburbia refers to the residential communities that developed outside urban centers, characterized by single-family homes and a predominately middle-class population. The expansion of suburbia after World War II was fueled by factors such as the GI Bill, government incentives for home construction, and demographic shifts driven by migration patterns.
Consumerism
the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial. buying more was equated with success. Consumerism is characterized by the belief that personal well-being and happiness can be enhanced through the acquisition of goods and services. This phenomenon gained prominence in the post-World War II era, leading to a cultural shift that emphasized material wealth as a measure of success.
Television
No cultural medium ever grew so huge, so quickly and so reinforced the public mood. Helped a lot with the election because people all over the US could finally see their politicians. Television emerged as a dominant form of media in the mid-20th century, shaping public opinion and providing instant access to news and entertainment. It played a crucial role in political campaigns, allowing voters to connect directly with candidates and their messages.
Beat movement
centered in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Greenwich Village (NYC). expressed social and literary nonconformity of artists, poets, and writers. originally meant weary, but also means musical beat. followers = beatniks, or beats.
End of WW2
Wars aftermath- Destroyed Germany, Poland, Soviet Union, Japan, and China. No homes, farms, factories, bridges, railroads, jobs. Came to make a new government for Germany.
Robert Kennedy
younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidental canidate in 1968, launching a popular challange to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assasinated in California on June 6, 1968.
President Kennedy
president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.
Hot Line
telephone system between Moscow and Washington D.C. to improve communications after the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Peace Corps
Creator- President Kennedy. What it was- A program of volunteer assistance to developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Warren Commission
Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assassination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own.
Medicare
Medicare provides hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for people 65 and older.
Cuban Missile crisis
A period in 1962 in which the Soviet Union had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to annoy and scare the United States.
New Frontier
The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view.
Space race
competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty",
Great Society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Brown v. Board of Education
this was a case where the father of an 8 year old boy had charge the board of education in Topeka, Kansas for not letting his son go to an all white school four blocks away from their house. The nearest other school that was all black was 24 blocks away. Then the supreme court struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation in the fourteenth amendment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. Gave all citizens rights to enter public libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, and theaters etc.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
Civil Rights Act of 1968
this law banned discrimination in housing, the segregation of education, transprotation, and employment, it helped African Americans gain their full voting rights.
Montgomery bus boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Black Panthers
Founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale was the self defense and violence against white people, began the black power movement throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
MLK Jr.
26 year old pastor who also had a Ph.D degree in theology. His passionate speeches inspired many. He advocated social change through non violent ways. He shaped the American civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's
Freedom Riders
a group of African Americans and civil rights activists that attempted to desegregate bus terminals around the country
De jure segregation
segregation by law, segregation that is required by government
Malcolm X
renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter. Black Power and equality. Wanted equal rights just like MLK Jr. but thought to get it in any way possible.
Separate but equal
racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races.
William Westmoreland
American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968
Draft
a law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military.
War Powers Act
This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for over seas troop presence.
Body count
a list or total of casualties.
election of 1968
At the end of a difficult year, the presidential election of 1968 was held. Republican candidate Richard Nixon appealed to a nation tired of violence and unrest. Nixon vowed he would end the Vietnam War and win peace. Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's vice president, seemed a continuation of the old politics. In the end, Richard Nixon won.
Pentagon Papers
Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War.
Domino theory
A foreign policy during the 1950s to 1980s that states if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then surrounding countreis would follow.
ARVN
Army of the Republic of Vietnam- land-based military forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), which existed from October 26, 1955 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975.
AIM
American Indian Movement- A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Cesar Chavez
farm worker and labor leader, civil rights activist who helped form National Farm workers association, He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them
La Raza Unida
political party started by Jose Angel Gutierrez, worked for better housing and jobs, and also backed latino political candidates
counterculture
Group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns
conservatism
Believe in personal responsibility, free markets, limited government, personal freedom, preserving tradition, and maintaining social hierarchy
Richard Nixon
US President; He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soldiers from South Vietnam; forced to resign after Watergate scandal; tapes revealed he was involved
New Federalism
aimed at giving states power back
Soviet Union
Stalin turned it into a totalitarian state controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy
revenue sharing
the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments.
stagflation
The simultaneous occurrence of substantial unemployment and inflation.
Watergate
the event/scandal about the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 & the cover up of the white house involvement. This lead to eventual resignation of President Nixon because of the threat of impeachment.
Gerald Ford
38th president, Republican. 61 years old from Michigan, 1974-1977, Played football at the university of Michigan. Pardons richard nixon
Jimmy Carter
"Most decent human being", 52 from georgia, 1977-1981, Democrat, Iran crisis, Nobel prize winner
entitlement program
gov program that guarantees certain benefits to particular group/segment of population
Affirmative action
an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women
Mikhail Gorbachev
USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika
Proposition 187
Made a database to keep illegal immigrants from using food and healthcare because they don't pay taxes to receive those benefits
Bill Clinton
1993-2001, 42nd president, from arkansas, natural politician, charming, famous for his handshake, went to yale, north American free trade agreement
2000 election
came down to electoral college votes and specifically the vote in Florida; because of the controvesy over a recount in Florida, Gore sued to have a manual recount; was the 1st time the Supreme Court got involved in electoral college decision; decided the votes should stand as counted and Bush got the votes for the state giving Bush the presidency without winning the popular vote
George W. Bush
43 president, Yale, 2001-2009, known for loyalty, played sports, “no new taxes”, preppy image=wimp, ww2 hero,
dotcoms
a company that relies largely or exclusively on Internet commerce.
Newt Gingrich
Promoter of the "Contract with America" and the first Republican speaker in 40 years.