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What makes a collection of individuals into a group?
interdependance on one another
What are three benefits of groups?
protection
sharing resources
defense
What are three elements of Zajonc’s mere presence theory?
mere presence leads to arousal
arousal leads to increased focus
dominant response, easy usually right, hard usually wrong
What is the difference between mere presence and evaluation apprehension hypothesis?
mere presence is someone else just being there and EAH is concern that you will look bad to that person
What is social loafing and how is it different from mere presence?
social loafing is not doing the work and expecting the group to carry you. When you don’t think you are valuable to the group
social facilitation
the general term for the effect that presence of others has on performance
dominant response
the response a person is most likely to make
evaluation apprehension
concern of how you appear to others
social loafing
putting in less effort when no one can tell who did the work
What is groupthink and two conditions for it?
strong leader, new group that doesn’t want to step on each other’s toes. Ways to stop groupthink: critical thinking, debates, devil’s advocate
What is group polarization and how is it produced?
When the big group is more extreme than individuals
Groupthink
when there are very cohesive groups and there is no room for critical thinking in order to reach consensus
Self-censorship
withholding information in group discussions (leads to groupthink)
group polarization
group decisions tend to be more extreme than individual decisions
What is power?
being able to control your own outcome and the outcome of others
What is the virtue based approach to gaining power?
being good for the group and a good person, they will put you in power
What is the vice based approach to gaining power?
getting power through manipulation, narcissism, and aggression
What is the approach/inhibition theory of power?
that powerful people make rash decisions and less powerful people are inhibited
How does power influence cognition and action?
more power leads to less cognition and more action
Power
the ability to control one’s outcomes and the outcomes of others
Social hierarchy
the arrangement of people within a group based on who has the most power
approach/inhibition theory
the more power you have, the more rash decisions you make. lower power people tend to consider others better
What are the three properties of the deindividuated state?
less self evaluation
less concern with others
less shame, guilt, fear
What are the two conditions that lead to deindividuation?
blending in the with group
diffusion of responsibility
Deindividuation
when you’re in a large group, your sense of individual identity reduces and you are less regulated/rational
individuation
enhancing the sense of self by focusing on individual and leads to more careful and delibrate acts
self awareness theory
when people focus on themselves, they are concerned with how they conform with thier own individual values
spotlight effect
you think people are paying more attention to you than they actually are
