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53 vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and definitions from Chapter 33 on animal nutrition.
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Herbivore
An animal that mainly eats plants or algae.
Carnivore
An animal that mainly eats other animals.
Omnivore
An animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae.
Nutrition
The process by which an organism takes in and makes use of food substances.
Essential nutrient
A substance that an organism cannot synthesize and must obtain pre-assembled in the diet.
Essential amino acid
An amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize and must obtain from food.
Essential fatty acid
An unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make.
Vitamin
An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts, often functioning as part of a coenzyme.
Mineral
An inorganic simple nutrient that cannot be synthesized in the body.
Malnutrition
Long-term intake of too much or too little of one or more essential nutrients.
Ingestion
The act of eating; first stage of food processing.
Digestion
Breaking food into molecules small enough to be absorbed; second processing stage.
Absorption
Uptake of small nutrient molecules by the body; third processing stage.
Elimination
Passage of undigested material out of the body; final processing stage.
Gastrovascular cavity
Central cavity with a single opening that handles both digestion and nutrient distribution.
Alimentary canal
A complete digestive tract running from mouth to anus.
Oral cavity
The mouth of an animal.
Salivary gland
Gland that secretes substances to lubricate food and start chemical digestion.
Mucus
Viscous mix of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that moistens and protects membranes.
Amylase
Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and maltose.
Pharynx
Throat region where air and food passages cross in vertebrates.
Esophagus
Muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis.
Peristalsis
Alternating waves of smooth-muscle contraction and relaxation that push food along the canal.
Sphincter
Ring-like muscle that controls the size of an opening, such as between esophagus and stomach.
Stomach
Digestive organ that stores food and carries out preliminary digestion.
Gastric juice
Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach.
Chyme
Mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.
Pepsin
Protein-digesting enzyme in gastric juice, produced from inactive pepsinogen.
Protease
Enzyme that digests proteins by hydrolysis.
Small intestine
Longest section of the canal; main site of enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption.
Duodenum
First part of small intestine where chyme mixes with digestive juices.
Pancreas
Gland whose exocrine tissue secretes digestive enzymes and whose endocrine tissue secretes insulin and glucagon.
Bile
Mixture produced by liver and stored in gallbladder that aids fat digestion and absorption.
Liver
Large vertebrate organ that produces bile, regulates blood glucose, and detoxifies chemicals.
Gallbladder
Organ that stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.
Villi
Finger-like projections of the small-intestine lining that increase surface area.
Microvilli
Microscopic projections of intestinal epithelial cells that greatly expand absorptive surface.
Hepatic portal vein
Vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from small intestine to liver for regulation.
Chylomicrons
Fat transport globules composed of fats and cholesterol coated with proteins.
Lacteal
Tiny lymph vessel in an intestinal villus that receives absorbed chylomicrons.
Large intestine
Canal segment between small intestine and anus; absorbs water and forms feces.
Colon
Largest section of large intestine; functions in water absorption and feces formation.
Cecum
Blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine.
Appendix
Small finger-like extension of the cecum containing immune white blood cells.
Feces
Wastes of the digestive tract.
Rectum
Terminal portion of large intestine where feces are stored before elimination.
Microbiome
Collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism and their genes.
Ruminant
Cud-chewing herbivore, such as a cow or sheep, with multiple stomach compartments.
Bioenergetics
Overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism and the study of that flow.
Metabolic rate
Total amount of energy an animal uses per unit time.
Insulin
Hormone from pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and glycogen synthesis.
Glucagon
Pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release.
Diabetes mellitus
Disorder characterized by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis; type 1 from autoimmune loss of insulin cells, type 2 from reduced insulin response.