Chapter 33 – Animal Nutrition Vocabulary

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/52

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

53 vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and definitions from Chapter 33 on animal nutrition.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

53 Terms

1
New cards

Herbivore

An animal that mainly eats plants or algae.

2
New cards

Carnivore

An animal that mainly eats other animals.

3
New cards

Omnivore

An animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae.

4
New cards

Nutrition

The process by which an organism takes in and makes use of food substances.

5
New cards

Essential nutrient

A substance that an organism cannot synthesize and must obtain pre-assembled in the diet.

6
New cards

Essential amino acid

An amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize and must obtain from food.

7
New cards

Essential fatty acid

An unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make.

8
New cards

Vitamin

An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts, often functioning as part of a coenzyme.

9
New cards

Mineral

An inorganic simple nutrient that cannot be synthesized in the body.

10
New cards

Malnutrition

Long-term intake of too much or too little of one or more essential nutrients.

11
New cards

Ingestion

The act of eating; first stage of food processing.

12
New cards

Digestion

Breaking food into molecules small enough to be absorbed; second processing stage.

13
New cards

Absorption

Uptake of small nutrient molecules by the body; third processing stage.

14
New cards

Elimination

Passage of undigested material out of the body; final processing stage.

15
New cards

Gastrovascular cavity

Central cavity with a single opening that handles both digestion and nutrient distribution.

16
New cards

Alimentary canal

A complete digestive tract running from mouth to anus.

17
New cards

Oral cavity

The mouth of an animal.

18
New cards

Salivary gland

Gland that secretes substances to lubricate food and start chemical digestion.

19
New cards

Mucus

Viscous mix of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that moistens and protects membranes.

20
New cards

Amylase

Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and maltose.

21
New cards

Pharynx

Throat region where air and food passages cross in vertebrates.

22
New cards

Esophagus

Muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis.

23
New cards

Peristalsis

Alternating waves of smooth-muscle contraction and relaxation that push food along the canal.

24
New cards

Sphincter

Ring-like muscle that controls the size of an opening, such as between esophagus and stomach.

25
New cards

Stomach

Digestive organ that stores food and carries out preliminary digestion.

26
New cards

Gastric juice

Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach.

27
New cards

Chyme

Mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach.

28
New cards

Pepsin

Protein-digesting enzyme in gastric juice, produced from inactive pepsinogen.

29
New cards

Protease

Enzyme that digests proteins by hydrolysis.

30
New cards

Small intestine

Longest section of the canal; main site of enzymatic hydrolysis and nutrient absorption.

31
New cards

Duodenum

First part of small intestine where chyme mixes with digestive juices.

32
New cards

Pancreas

Gland whose exocrine tissue secretes digestive enzymes and whose endocrine tissue secretes insulin and glucagon.

33
New cards

Bile

Mixture produced by liver and stored in gallbladder that aids fat digestion and absorption.

34
New cards

Liver

Large vertebrate organ that produces bile, regulates blood glucose, and detoxifies chemicals.

35
New cards

Gallbladder

Organ that stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.

36
New cards

Villi

Finger-like projections of the small-intestine lining that increase surface area.

37
New cards

Microvilli

Microscopic projections of intestinal epithelial cells that greatly expand absorptive surface.

38
New cards

Hepatic portal vein

Vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from small intestine to liver for regulation.

39
New cards

Chylomicrons

Fat transport globules composed of fats and cholesterol coated with proteins.

40
New cards

Lacteal

Tiny lymph vessel in an intestinal villus that receives absorbed chylomicrons.

41
New cards

Large intestine

Canal segment between small intestine and anus; absorbs water and forms feces.

42
New cards

Colon

Largest section of large intestine; functions in water absorption and feces formation.

43
New cards

Cecum

Blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine.

44
New cards

Appendix

Small finger-like extension of the cecum containing immune white blood cells.

45
New cards

Feces

Wastes of the digestive tract.

46
New cards

Rectum

Terminal portion of large intestine where feces are stored before elimination.

47
New cards

Microbiome

Collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism and their genes.

48
New cards

Ruminant

Cud-chewing herbivore, such as a cow or sheep, with multiple stomach compartments.

49
New cards

Bioenergetics

Overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism and the study of that flow.

50
New cards

Metabolic rate

Total amount of energy an animal uses per unit time.

51
New cards

Insulin

Hormone from pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and glycogen synthesis.

52
New cards

Glucagon

Pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release.

53
New cards

Diabetes mellitus

Disorder characterized by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis; type 1 from autoimmune loss of insulin cells, type 2 from reduced insulin response.