WORLD CIV ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

Hominids

man-like creatures. First found in Africa in the Olduvai Gorge, in 1959 by Mary Leakey. Believed to be 1.8 million years old!!Australopithecus

Australopithecus

Hominids: 1st Discovered by Donald Johanson, Ethiopia, 1974. Lucy was her name.

robostus

form of Australopithecus Hominids means plant eater

africanus

form of Australopithecus Hominids means use tools to kill animals

Homo Habilis

hominid “ handy man “ Used simple stone tools.

Homo Erectus

hominid “ upright man “. Could use fire if found in nature. Made and used tools. More than 1 species of hominid alive at one time. Believed to be 1st hominid to leave Africa.

Africa

considered birthplace of all human kind

Homo Sapiens

hominid “ thinking man “. Man-like creatures with large brain (thinkers)

Neanderthal Man

Early form of homo-erectus, lived in Europe and adjacent Asia & Africa Lived in caves, created tools and wore clothes, and practiced religion, introducing burial practices. Worshipped “mother earth” and believed in rebirth.

Cro-magnon

Later man, replaced Neanderthal. Found in Europe and considered fore-runner to modern man. They left paintings on wall caves.

Tukulti-Ninurta I

ASSYRIAN KING Defeated the Hittites and the Kassites. Captured Babylon, destroyed the city, burned their temple, and stole the statue (bad) of Marduk, their chief god. His treatment of captured temples caused the Mesopotamians to revolt. He built a new capital city and was murdered by his son after a siege on the city.

Tiglath -Pilieser I

ASSYRIAN KING Established Assyria as a major power in the region. Expanded empire into Syria and south into Babylonia expanding their kingdom and power.

All Assyrian kings…

ruled with fear (except Esarhaddon :))

Ashurnasirpal II

ASSYRIAN KING Assyrian king who ruled by terror and fear. Beheaded enemies. Smaller kingdoms paid tribute to avoid war. Was brought tributes. Wealth brought in through conquest and tribute allowed for a new palace to be built at Kalhu. Kalhu was a previously prosperous trade city. The great kings of Assyria continued to be buried at Ashur, but their queens were buried at Kalhu.

Shalmaneser III

ASSYRIAN KING Replaces Ashurnasirpal Il as king. Continues to collect tribute and instill fear in lesser kingdoms. A failed revolt by 12 different kings means the continuation of the tribute payments.

Tiglath-pileser III

ASSYRIAN KING Known for: Expansion of the empire by taking over nearby kingdoms, Siege warfare, Resettling conquered people in new areas (Deportation). This prevented uprisings because there were no natural alliances among the resettled people. Ex: Israelites, Capture of Babylon at the end of his reign.

Siege Warfare

battery ram, including scaling walls, archers, digging under walls to collapse them, and impaling the defeated on spikes!

Sargon II

ASSYRIAN KING Son of Tiglath-pileser III. Defeats the Israelites and puts down several Chaldean revolts in Babylon. Celebrates his achievements by building a new capital, Dur-Sharrukin. It is quickly abandoned after his death, but later is a very valuable archaeological find.

SENNACHERIB

ASSYRIAN KING Son of Sargon II, he had a temper, violently punishing people who spoke against him, particularly the rebellious Babylonians. When the Babylonians and Elamites rebelled against him, Sennacherib destroyed cities, buildings, temples, and sowed the fields with salt (making them infertile). Under Sennacherib, the Assyrian capital moves to Nineveh. Vain and ambitious, he never completed the great achievements he sought, such as an attempt to defeat the Hebrews under Hezekiah in the kingdom of Judah. Hezekiah was the king of Judah when Sennacherib laid siege to the kingdom. Hezekiah eventually bribed Sennacherib to leave Judah alone. Sennacherib is eventually killed by his own sons as recorded in the Bible.

ESARHADDON

ASSYRIAN KING was an Assyrian ruler who tried a different ruling approach from his predecessors. He did not try to annex neighboring areas, he let vassal kings rule for him while rarely interfering. He rebuilt previously destroyed Babylonian cities, thus Esarhaddon was one of the few Assyrians kings who the Babylonians did not rebel against. After defeating the Kushite king of Egypt (Taharka), Esarhaddon proclaimed himself a liberator from Egyptian power in the region and the ruler of Egypt. In reality, he held little influence in Egypt despite his victory.

AHURBANIPUAL

ASSYRIAN KING last effective king, had battle with the elamites bc they helped with uprising, defeated egypt. Gave Babylon to his brother who revolted but after 4 years was defeated. Built largest library of the time with 22000 clay tablets.

King Josiah of Judah

Godly king, one of worlds youngest kings at 8 when father was assassinated, did rediscovery of the law of the lord, repaired temple, high priest found book of law, monotheism was reinforced. He ordered the destruction of all altars to the other deities. He was the last righteous king of the Hebrews/Israelites.

Shoshenq 1

from Egypt plundered the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem around the year 926 BCE. Possibly containing the ark

King Hammurabi

Developed Hammurabi’s Code, the first written code of law. Based on the eye for an eye principle!

Sargon the Great

Ruler of Akkad. Created the first empire known to history. Invaded and captured Sumer conquering the last Sumerian king Lugal-zagesi.

Saul

1st king of isreal

David

David and the Goliath, replaced Saul, his son was Solomon, didn’t build temple to God

Solomon

Son of David, built 1st temple to God, after his death Israel and Judah are divided into separate kingdoms.

Gilgamesh

of Uruk. Story centers on his search for eternal life.

4 River valleys

Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates

-Egypt- Nile

-India- Indus

-China- Yellow River

Why river valleys?

transportation, milder climate, protection, food production

Mesopotamia

Tigris and Euphrates

Egypt

Nile

India

Indus

China

Yellow River

Sedentary agriculture

planting and harvesting.

Special occupation

specific jobs in the civilization such priests, farmers, builders, etc.

Lugal

Very important man started as a title of a large land owner than developed into monarchs

Ensi

Both high priest and governor of the sumerians eventually lugals passed them

Cuneiform

Wedge shaped writing first writing system. Sumerian development

Zigguraat

Flat topped temple in the center of the city and culture. Sumerian development.

Sexagesimal system

System of counting-the Mesopotamian system of counting by base 60

Akkadians

included Sargon the Great, Empire reached its height under his grandson Naram-Sin. Declined and fell after his death.

Babylonians

King Hammurabi, Other accomplishments: improved irrigation, improved army, and repaired temples. Empire collapsed almost immediately after his death.

Hattusilus I

is the first Hittite ruler mentioned and is therefore considered one of the founders of the Hittite empire. He established his capital at Hattusas around 1650 BCE.

HITTITES

based in Anatolia (Asia Minor). In the 16^th century BCE they invade Syria and then move into Babylon and kill the last of Hammurabi's successors.They will be heavily influenced by Mesopotamian culture. Sumerian and Mesopotamian literature was preserved, and the Mesopotamian gods were honored with temples. Borrowed heavily from Hammurabi's code but with more humane punishments. The Hittites were using iron weapons as early as 1400 BCE. They fiercely guarded the secret of this new technology, so much that it was not until the fall of the Hittite empire around 1100 BC that the use of iron spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean!

MITTANIANS

Mittanians build a hegemonic (dominant politically) empire. Came to power in the northern Fertile Crescent area after the fall of Amorite Babylon. Lasted c. 1500 to c. 1300 BCE, overrun first by the Hittites, and then Assyrians.

KASSITES

Originated in the Zagros Mountains, and then moved into Babylonian area around 1800 BCE. They unite the Babylonians and ensure their survival by repopulating the area. Kurigalzu I (1400 to c. 1375 BCE) built a new capital at Dur-Kurigalzu. Invented boundary stone called the kudurru. It recorded the land grant of the king to favored people. Their empire will last until c. 1155 BCE

kudurru

boundry marker

PHOENICIANS

Semitic people who settled in what is today Syria and Lebanon. Lived along the coast and became the Mediterranean’s greatest traders. They are made up of a confederation of city-states. The three most famous are Byblos, Tyre, and Ugarit. The Phoenicians also traded in purple dye (from mollusks) and cedar trees (cedar wood is water resistant) which allowed them to amass great wealth. Because they never united to form a strong state they were eventually overrun by the Chaldeans in 571 BCE. Become great traders not good at defending themselves.

Byblos

traded paper and papyrus with the Egyptians becoming the basis of our words: book, Bible, and library.

Tyre

Responsible for the creation of the colony of Carthage. Carthage will be a major force in the Mediterranean before losing out to the Romans. Purple + good trading city

Ugarit

Adaption of cuneiform writing led to the development of the Phoenician alphabet, later adopted by the Greeks.

HEBREWS/ISRAELITES

Semitic people who are related to the Aramaeans. The first known historical record of them is on the Pharoah Merneptah's victory stele. A stele is an inscribed territorial marker made of wood or stone. He was suppressing a revolt in Palestine and Syria.

Yahweh

The name for the Hebrew God. They consider Him the one true God. They are monotheistic.

Mosaic Covenant

The contract between God and the Israelites that if they follow the 10 Commandments, He will provide for them and protect them. NOT THE 10 COMMANDMENTS

Promised Land

Land promised by God to the Israelites, but already settled by 6 other groups who had to be defeated by the Israelites can take control.

ARAMAEANS

Established their capital at Dascus. These people were closely related to the Hebrews, lived in Syria. They dominated the camel trade between Egypt and northern Mediterranean coast. lived in a series of small city states including Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Their language became the most common along the Mediterranean coast. Spoken by Jesus and his disciples. became the dominant language because everyone wanted to know how to talk to the traders.

ASSYRIANS

Moved into northern Mesopotamia around 1800 BCE. They will become the dominant power in that area by 1200 BCE and they will reach their height around 700 BCE. This is done through a series of strong kings and culture advances. Gone by 630 B.C. The Assyrians will become the first people in all of history to have all iron weapons.All assyrian kings ruled by fear.

PALEOLITHIC ERA

. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) A. Characterized by the use of chipped stone implements B. Time: from c. 3.5 million years to about c. 9000 BC C. Man a nomadic hunter and food gatherer. D. Man made crude tools of stone, wood, bone, horn and controlled fire E. Religion belief in magic and in a here after: animism = all things found in nature have a soul.

NEOLITHIC MAN

New Stone Age (Neolithic) Time: from c. 9000 BC to about 4000 BC in the Near East, much later in Europe. A. Characterized by the use of polished stone implement B. Village life substituted for nomadic existence. C. Domestication of plants leads to agriculture. New food production leads to rapid growth of population. D. Developed spinning, weaving, house construction, pottery, and impressed tools. E. Invention of the wheel F. Domestication of animals- the dog first

METAL AGES

Bronze/copper age Characterized by the general use of copper and bronze implements.1). Copper Age - early period of this age when pure copper and alloy (bronze) of copper and tin were used at random (4000-3500 BC)2). Bronze Age - 3500 BC to 1500 BC 3). Iron Age - 1300 BC

Semitic language

A family of languages that emerged from a single unrecorded language in the calcasous region went to Europe to asia about 500 yrs ago became most European language

Indo european language

Group of related languages that is thought to have origingated in the Arabian peninsula around 2500BC than spread ( main: Arabic, dramainian, hebrew, Lesser: akaidan, kayinitel)