Bio Chem 2 Exam 1

fatty acids

generate more energy than glucose or glycogen

biomolecules

consist fo carbon, hydroge, and oxygen

proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids

4 major biomolcules:

monomers or polymers

molecules fomed in living things come as ____

amino acid

are the building blocks of protein

signaling molcules (insulin receptor)

structural role (collagen)

mobility (actin)

defense (antibodies)

catalysts (enzymes)

5 functions of proteins:

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

4 nucleic acids in DNA:

DNA (deoxyribonucleotide)

the nucleotide with a Hydrogen

RNA (ribonucleotide)

the nucleotide with an OH group

nucleic acids

are made up of mucleotides

glucose

is a monomer and the main sugar in the body (6 carbon sugar)

glycogen

is the storage form of glucose and is a polymer

homopolymer (glycogen)

only glucose together

triacylglycerol

fatty acids pH will go down if they are free floating so that have to be stored in the form of _____

mitochondria

have an outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix; site of energy yielding oxidation reactions; has it own DNA

nucleus

location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

endoplasmic recticulm

continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part is studded with ribosomes

ribosome

the site of protein synthesis

golgi apparatus

series of flatted membranes; involved in secretions of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other cellular components

lysosomes

membrane enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

cell membrane

spearates the cell contents from the outside world; contents incluse organelles and the cytosol

cytoskeleton

hold organelles in place in the cell

provide energy

supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components

serve as a form of stored chemical enregy

form part of the structures of some cells and tissues

4 functions of carbohydrates (saccharides):

monosaccharide (glucose and fructose)

disaccharide (sucrose)

oligosaccharide (raffinose)

polysaccharide (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

4 classes of carbohydrates:

fructose

does not have its own metabolic pathway so it has to genter into the glycolytic pathway by getting phosphorlated

aldehyde (C with R, H, O)

ketone (C with 2R and O)

2 carbonyl groups:

monosaccharide

are the simplest sugars; can be aldehydes ot ketones that contain two or more alcohol groups; smallest ones are compoased of 3 carbons

triose

tetrose

pentose

hexose

number of carbon atoms names 3-6:

hemiacetal, hemiketal

the chemical basis for ring formations is that an aldehyde can reaction with an alcohol to form a ____ and a ketonw can reaction with an alcohol to form a ____

pyranose, pyran

in the case of glucose, the resulting intramolecular hemiacetal, a six carbon ring is called ___ because of its resemblance to ____

furanose, furan

in the case of the ketone furctose, the inramolecular hemiketal, a five carbon ring, is called a ___ because of its reseblance to ___

carbohydrates

can be modified by the addition of substituents other than hydroxyl groups; these modified ones are often expressed on cell surfaces

disaccharides

linkage of 2 sugars

maltose

is formed when two molecules of glucose are linked by an alpa-1,4-glycosidic bond

sucrose

a disaccharide made from glucose and fructose

lactose

a disaccharide made from glucose and glactose

sucrose

lactose

maltose

3 common disaccharides:

polysaccharide glycogen

is the storage form of glucose in animal cells

α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds; α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds

most glucose units in glycogen are lined by _____, with ranches formed by _____ every 10 glucose units

lipid

high solubility in non polar solvents and low solubility in H2O; fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins and hormones and most non protein components of membranes

major form of stored energy in biological system

major components of biological membranes

hormones

lipids are amphipathic molecules that can be:

fatty acids

common fuel

triacylclycerol

storage form of fatty acids

glycolipids

mambrane lipids composed of carbohydrates

steroids

polycyclic hydrocarbons with a variety of functions

laurate

a naturally occuring fatty acid with 12 carbons and no double bonds

myristate

a naturally occuring fatty acid with 14 carbons and no double bonds

palmitate

a naturally occuring fatty acid with 16 carbons and no double bonds

stearate

a naturally occuring fatty acid with 18 carbons and no double bonds

low melting temperature

high or low melting temperature for a fatty acid that is short and unsaturated

triacylglycerol

sotrage form of fat; contains 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

glycerol and sphingosine

2 backbones of phospholipids:

glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides

the backbone of phospholipids, glycerol can also be ____

sphingolipid

the backbone of phospholipids, sphingosine can also be ____

2 fatty acids

glycerol (a platforms)

phosphate

an alcohol at the end

phospholipids are composed of 4 components:

phosphoglycerides or phosphoglycerols

phospholipids with a glycerol platform

phosphatidate

the major phospholipids are derived from this

hormones

precursors of cholestrol

membrane components

steroids can be 3 things:

steroids

are made of 3 six carbon ring structures and 1 five carbon ring with an OH

membrane component

precursor of bile and hormones

absent in prokaryotes

maintains membrane fluidity

cholestrol can be 4 things:

enzymes

are proteins that increase the rate of reaction by lowering the energy of activation; are not altered or consumed suring reactions and reusable

all biochemical reactions

are enzyme catalyzed in the living organism

metabolism

diagnosis

therapeutics

digestive enzymes

4 functions of enzymes:

level of enzyme

____ in blood are of diagnostic importance (it is a good indicator in disease such as myocardial infarction)

enzymes

can be used therapeutically such as digestive enzymes

catalysts

accelerate the rate of the reaciton

Kcat

is the number of substrate molecules converted into product/ enzyme/ min

proteolytic enzymes

illustrate the range of enzyme specificity; catalyz the hydrolysis of peptide bonds

substrates

reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reaction

specificity

of an enzyme is due to the interaction between substrate with the enzyme

serine protease

also a trypsin; a family name where you have 3 amino acids in the clipping

oxidoreductase

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions (dehydrogenases, reductases, oxidases)

NADH

is an electron carrier; hold the electrons that go into the electron transport chain

transferases

move functional groups between molecules (kinases, aminotransferases, thiolases)

kinases

do phosphorylation that come from ATP

hydrolyases

a major class of enzyme that requires water

lyases

remove atoms to form double bonds ot add atoms to double bonds (synthases, decarboxylases, dehydratases)