PSCYC 4033 Exam 3

https://quizlet.com/1037474586/psych-4033-final-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=b9de2fe0-6d4e-4ea8-aaf7-43daa5ee027d

Know the two theories explaining Flashbulb memories

1. Special Mechanism (“now print”) that preserves these memories in a special way 

2. They are normal memories, but may feel different as a function of rehearsal or emotionality  

Know the Sept 11 FB memory study in detail--which theory does it support.

On September 12^th, students are asked about their memory of the Sept. 11^th attacks, as well as for everyday memories.  

Retested at either 1 week, 6 weeks, or 32 weeks later. 

A subset of each group also retested after one year  

Conclusion: Supports not now print in which, they are normal memories but may feel differently. 

Positivity bias--and experiment

Gregg et.al 2019 

By doing the class demonstration, people get the positivity bias, in which they recall more positive stuff. 

For memories the ranking for recall goes- 1.) Positive, 2.) Negative 3.) Neural 

For Future memories, the ranking for recall foes – 1.) Positive (by miles), 2.) Neutral 3.) Negative  

Fading affect--and experiment

1. Write down a positive and Negative emotion, 

2. Rank them on a number scale to how emotional those two memories were for you when it happened and how you feel about it now  

Fading Affect: Emotion starts to change and gets less impactful as time goes by. Usually, more fading happens for negative memories compared to positive.  

HSAM and SDAM (also see Chapter 15 section on this (extreme memory abilities))

“a small set of individuals who have amazingly good memories for events of their lives. These people have highly superior autobiographical memory.

Another condition is, in some ways, the opposite of highly superior autobiographical memory. This is severely deficient autobiographical memory in which people have severe problems remembering life events, but do not display problems on standard memory and cognition tasks (e.g., Palombo et al., 2015). This condition is less well understood. These people may have smaller hippocampal mass in some areas, as well as be less likely to engage the brain’s autobiographical memory networks. Moreover, they seem deficit in visual imagery processing (Palombo et al., 2018), a condition known as aphantasia.

What other characteristics are associated with people with SDAM?

SDAM (severely deficient)- only a few of those studied to date, but all have problems with visual imagery  

 

People with aphantasia have poor autobiographic, poor face recognition 

DRM paradigm--be able to explain this well (also in book in Chapter 13; take a look at Fig 13.3)

DRM (Deese, Roediger, McDermott) paradigm: people often falsely remember the non-presented words  by highly related words being on the list.  

Everyone is susceptible to the DRM paradigm  

Experiment on recovered/repressed memories of sexual abuse

Memory of Sexual Abuse  

Four group of women 

1. Recovered memory (abuse or not) 

2. Repressed (have no memory, but believe it happened) 

3. Always Remembered  

4. Neve suffered Abuse  

Gave these groups the DRM paradigm, 

Results: Recovered people had a higher result, so more false memories. 

Recovered (.68), Repressed (.45), Remembered (.52), No abuse (.38) 

cryptomnesia

Some plagiarism is unconscious and unintentional. It occurs when people come up with ideas that they believe are their own but in fact were encountered in the past”

Reasoning: reality monitoring error,

false fame

“ This is the tendency to think that people are famous, or more famous than they really are, because their names are familiar. With the false fame effect it may be possible”

sleeper effect

persuasion where a message from a low-credibility source initially has less persuasive impact, but its impact increases over time

Two experiments about people with recovered memories--childhood abuse (done last time and reviewed this week), and alien abduction

False Memories: Aline Abduction 

Three groups:  

1. Recovered memories of abduction (again, real, or not? In this case we think not?) 

2. Repressed (Think they were abducted but don’t remember) 

3. Never been abducted  

                   Recall.        Recognition 

Recovered      29%.         67% 

Repressed    29%.          59% 

Never.         14%.        42% 

Results: People with recovered memory have more suspectible minds. People that think they were abducted by aliens scored higher on Magical Ideation and Perceptual Abberiation. 

Implanted memories--technique used to do this and two experiments about this

Implanted Memories: 

People read about 4 incidences from their childhood—3 are true, one (getting lost in a shopping mall is false) 

Repeated recall of the events occurs over several weeks 

By the end, 25% had false memories of getting lost in the shopping mall! 

Mousetrap Study 

Kids told about two true events and two false events (mousetrap, ballon ride) 

Kids thought about these events 7-10 times over the course of 10 weeks. Then I asked to talk about the events. 

Kids maintained that the false events did really happen about 1/3 of the time. They were adamant in their belief that it had happened even when told that it didn’t.  

When psychologist and social workers were presented with the videos of the accounts the children gave, they could not distinguish the real accounts from the false accounts 

Imagination inflation (also in Chapter 13) and experiment

Three sessions: 

1. D some actions, imagine some, listen to some 

1. Perform: hold a pen 

2. Imagine: stir coffee with spoon 

3. Listen: peel a banana (listen to someone say peel a banana) 

2. Imagine Actions, some once, some three times 

1. Imagine: holding a pen, three times 

2. Imagine: Stirring coffee 

3. Imagine: Peel a Banana, three times  

4. Imagine: Floss your teeth (new, not in Session 1) 

3. Test on what you did in Session 1 only 

confabulation

a patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit 

What did you do yesterday? I went at work (hospitalized person) 

Effect of eyewitness testimony on conviction

Testimony from eyewitness very influential 

Conviction rate:  

Trial with circumstantial evidence: 18% 

Add eyewitness: 72% 

Discredit the eyewitness: 68% 

Is memory for crime trials reliable or not? 

Factors that effect memory for crimes:

Influences on Remembering a Crime 

If I got robbed what would affect how much I could recall? 

Time delay (how long did it take for you to realize its a robbery_ 

Attention 

Emotional Affect (how upset u were) 

Physical State (tired, caffeinated)  

Age of Witness, Vision level, hearing level 

   How questions are phrased

1. Wording in questions  

1. ex: Did you see the broken headlight 

2. Did you see a broken headlight? 

More likely to say “Yes to first form of the question 

About how fasrt was the cars goung when they hit each other? 

About how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other? 

Hit 34.0 

Smashed: 40.8 “also more likely today they saw broken glass  

  Misinformation (how is this researched?) and experiment

1. People see three different videos 

1. Video no crime 

2. Video ambiguous crime 

3. Video unambiguous crime 

2. They then reenactment video with misinformation 

3. Tell them to recall original video  

Three theories of how arousal impacts memory, and experimental evidence for two of these.

1. Three theories of arousal 

1. Yerkes-Dodson Law: May be a function of the degree of arousal. There is an optimal level of arousal for peak performance. Too little arousal leads to underperformance (e.g., boredom), while too much arousal leads to anxiety and impaired performance. 

1. Valentine and Mesout (2009): low state anxiety people got the right guy in a scenario in which they got scared at a haunted house. They had to pick the guy who scared them 

2. Easterbrook hypothesis: Arousal focuses attention, therefore central details will be well remembered, but peripheral details will be lost 

1. Weapon focus: Bank Robbery (Mansour et al. 2019) 

1. If theory is true, people will remember the weapon if the weapon creates high arousal but won’t pay attention to the other stuff in the picture  

Questions about the scene	Recall
Gun /Knife	.32
Flamingo	.42
Binder	.44

First chart proves the hypothesis  

Line up about the perosn holding the object	Target present
Gun/Knife	.38
Flamingo	.40
Binder	.71

Second chart doesn’t prove the theory but suggest that because robbing with a Binder and Flamingo is random 

3. Action decrement theory: Arousal increases consolidation, so better memory for the event. (Mauy be not immediately, as may be inhibited

Prior exposure--how does this effect line up ids?

PE to the suspect via a photo line-up or line-up, make it more likely that person will later be identified as the perpetrator

How does who is in the line up matter?

5. Line Up composition 

1. Can make a suspect stand out through line up composition 

2. Whether the person is actually present or absent in a line up also has an effect  

3. Similarity of people to each other and properties of the people 

4. Muscular people are picked out to be bad guys compared to normal than overweight (Shaw and Waf) 

Feedback from authorities about ids--what did the experiment show?

Feedback from Authorities  

1. The way police treat them can affect the way we memorize things (Smalarz and Wells) 

2. If we are told we are right at first, then we have a harder time. 

Face recognition factors:  race, type of line up (simultaneous/sequential), disguises.  Know the two experiments that explored these factors

7. Face Recognition Performance 

1. Your Race and Race of other (Other race bias) 

   Wright et. Al (2001), People in South Africa and England are better at identifying their own race, no matter if its simultaneous vs sequential  

2. Type of line up-simultaneous vs Sequential  

   1. Simultaneous makes people more correct for race study  

3. Disguises  

   1. Mansour et al.2020- Simultaneous vs Sequential and disguises  

   Do best with no disguise and worse with hat and glasses 

   1. Hat/glasses>Glasses> Hat> nothing 

   2. Simultaneous gets more correct recall than others  

 

How might body cams influence memory?

???

Cognitive interview technique--what is this, how does it tie to cognitive principles?

Cognitive Interview Technique 

1. Reinstate the context (Recall Cues), taking back to the scene of the crime 

   1. Encoding specificity  

2. Report everything regardless of confidence  

   1. Correlation between accuracy and confidence varies 

3. Recall events in different orders 

   1. New retrieval routes  

4. Changes Perspectives 

   1. New retrieval routes  

Experimental techniques to measure memory before birth; results of experiment on memory prebirth

Testing memory pre-birth: How could you measure this? 

1. Familiar novelty Paradigm  

2. Play auditory information (familizaration phase) 

3. Play different info (novelty phase) 

   mother’s voice, music, playing something they aren’t familar with

Measure heart rate and movements to see if fetus detects when it changes 

Result: baby can tell the difference between stranger and mothers voice

Prebirth Memory (Kislivesky et al. 2009) 

 

Experimental techniques to measure memory in infants (before they can talk) and results of experiments using such techniques

preferential looking experimenter - mother holds her baby in front of TV while a researcher tells the baby what to find on the TV. This test where the child would rather look at

recognition in 12 month old with stuffed toys - giving labels to an object when telling a child where to look helps them remember better

Children as eyewitness--Sam Stone experiment--how are children influenced?

Children eyewitness (Leichtman and Ceci 1995) 

Visit form Sam Stone 

1. Control 

2. Stereotype-told 13 stories about Sam before his visit  

1. They tell how Sam breaks things like Barbie dolls 

3. Suggestion after the visit misleading suggestions  

1. “dirty” 

4. Stereotype and Suggestion 

experiment on baking cookies--when can children resist positive/negative misinformation?

Visitor shows children how to make cookies and at the end salt spills into the dough and he has to throw the dough away
One week later-they were given 4 questions abt what happened
4 were accurate
4 were wrong and positive (children cheered for the visitor)
4 were wrong and negative (visitor hit a child with a spatula)

Children were given positive reinforcment "thats right!" when they agreed with incorrect info; and told "idk' when they disagreed
Asked questions up to 3 times if they didnt agree

Experiment on use of human figure drawings to aid in reports by children

Person comes in to measure children (head, waist, arms, hands, legs, feet)
Then interview them about where they were touched. First free recall, and then were given a drawing to demonstrate where they were touched
Half got a drawing w clothes on and half got one that was naked but not explicit

How well do children do in estimating height, weight, age, finding people in line up when present and when not present.

they are very innaccurate because they can only compare someone to their own height Results.   

Age.     Height  est           Weight  est        Age est 

7-8.         13 in.           -64 lb.           9 yrs 

9-10.        7.5 in.        -49lb.           8 yrs 

11-12.      5 in.         -48lb.             6 yrs 

 

Results- line up with visitor present  (no age effect) 

Age.     VBistiro          Weight  est        Age est 

7-8.         13 in.           -64 lb.           9 yrs 

9-10.        7.5 in.        -49lb.           8 yrs 

11-12.      5 in.         -48lb.             6 yrs 

 

Results- line up with visitor absent (better with age)  

Interviewer bias

Often interviewer thinks she/he knows what happens, and seeks confirmation from the child  

Often ask specific questions instead of open ended. Accuracy is higher to open ended (91%) than specific questions (45%) 

Often repeat a question until they get the answer they want  

May adopt an accusatory tone: “Are you afraid to tell”-- increases false reports 

Labelling a person as ball, will increase the false reports  

May use misinformation 

 

What happens to recall and recognition as we age?

Recall stay constant for a while and then falls off at 90

Recognition falls off but not as steely

Aging and Working Memory

With aging working memory got less

Aging and False Memory

As we got older, we forgot real words less less

we dalse alarm and make more mistakes about something not on the list

Aging and Prospective Memory

1. Lab-Based Prospective Memory Tasks

• Time-Based Task:

  • Example: "Megan, remind me when 10 minutes go by."

  • Participants must monitor time while engaged in another activity.

  • Results: Older adults perform similarly to younger adults (no significant difference).

• Event-Based Task:

  • Example: "Paula, every time I pick up the red marker, say 'red.'"

  • Participants must respond to a specific cue while distracted by conversation (e.g., discussing family).

  • Results: Older adults perform worse than younger adults.

2. Real-World Prospective Memory Tasks

• Time-Based Task:

  • Example: "Christopher, text me at 3:00 PM on Saturday."

  • Requires remembering to act at a specific time in daily life.

• Event-Based Task:

  • Example: "Sajida, text me next time you walk across the quad."

  • Requires remembering to act when a specific event occurs.

• Results:

  • Older adults outperform younger adults in real-world tasks.

  • Possible Reasons:

    • Better Strategies: Older adults use reminders (calendars, notes, alarms).

    • Fewer Distractions: Less multitasking (e.g., no work/school demands).

    • Stronger Routines: More structured daily habits.

3. Key Findings

• Lab vs. Real-World Discrepancy:

  • In controlled lab settings, younger adults excel (especially in event-based tasks).

  • In real life, older adults perform better due to compensatory strategies.

• Self-Reported Memory Lapses:

  • Younger adults report more forgetfulness (prospective, retrospective, absent-mindedness).

  • Older adults may have better systems to manage memory demands.

Aging and Semantic Memory

vocabulary and knowledge of word meanings (semantic memory) improve with ageq

Theories of Cognitive Aging

1. Processing Speed: Slower mental processing affects memory encoding and retrieval.

2. Inhibitory Deficits: Reduced ability to ignore irrelevant information leads to distractions.

3. Attentional Resources: Declines in attention limit the depth of encoding.

Aging Professor Study

- two groups of people - lots of education and less educated
- young, middle age, and senior professors
- undergrads, older non-professors
- light flashes, you have to do a task
- undergrads do best, then younger professors, then professors (from youngest to oldest), older non professors do worse
- education and age both impact performance
- in memory task same performance as light task

Figure 17.3 and 17.4

Older Frequent Golfers show no skill defect compared younger adults. On the infrequent side, young adults do better than older

Younger adults out perform older adults at surface and textbase levels (Recognition). Old adults better remember the content of news stores and the sources of these stories

Alzheimer's disease--performance on recall and recognition memory tests

Recognition is better than recall

Recall- hard time encoding and storage

Recogition-recollection is impaired

Plaques and Tangles

Plaques are deposits of a protein called beta-amyloid that form between nerve cells, while tangles are twisted strands of another protein, tau, that accumulate inside neurons.

Nun Study

Nun Study (678 nuns) (Snowdon et al. 1996) 

In order to investigate, a bunch of people need to donate their brains.  He went to an retired home for nuns and appealed to them so he can use their brains at the end of their life after doing test on them. 

Braak Staging- how severe is it when I look for plaques and tangles, Depression cause memory problems, Brain Injuris/Strokes cause memory problems  

The idea complexity and grammatically complexity, predicts the probability of getting dementia. More simple sentences= dementia  

More education and bigger head less prone for dementia  

Authors study--what changes happened with dementia?  What do you think about Agatha Christie's data?

Alzheimer Disease: Author’s Study and Vocabulary Size 

Iris Murdoch- later diagnosed with AD 

Novels written between 35 and 75 

Agatha Christie- no diagnosis but suspicion of AD 

Novels written between 28 and 82 

P.D James- no evidence of AD 

Novels written between 42 and 82 

Vocab Size: Irish Murdoch shows it in her last book, Christie gradually loses it 

Word Repetition (the higher the worse):  PD James does well, Christie continues to get worse, Murdoch increases over time of repeating    (Christie has more rep than anything) 

Interjections/Fillers: Agatha and Christie increase  

Syntax Complexity: Iris and Agatha decrease their usage of passive voice  

Mood congruence--experimental evidence?

1. Attend to, learn and recall better if mood of material matches current emotional state 

2. Imagine urself as a witness to these scences 

1. Sad music in the back and u looking at pic  

2. Rate current: 2.5 

3. This is how my step dad’s dad funeral sounded like. 

4. To measure mood congruence, they make you induce a mood in you such as playing certain music 

5. Results: Mood induction check (Drace 2013) (hot is imaging urslef) 

1. Negative Cold.    6.3 

2. Negative Hot.   1.3 

3. Positive Cold     9.7 

4. Positive hot      12.2 

1. Autobiographical memories, for “hot” more negative and positive things are imagined when you imagine urself in the picture  

Mood dependent recall--experimental evidence?

1. Recall all kinds of material better if mood at learning and mood at recall match 

1. Eich and Macauley 2000-  

1. Simulated mood- happy people come up with positive events, sad moods come up with a lot of negative event 

2. Same results with induced moods 

3. We find mood congruence for both real and fake moods  

4. After you first generate autobiographical memory, you are then put into the same or different mode. You then recall previously generated auto memories to cue word 

1. Only mood depends happens for real  

Memory & Depression--where do depressed people have memory problems--on what types of tests and for what types of materials?  What is the probable mechanism?  Explicit vs implicit tests?  How do they interpret ambiguous material?

Pauls et al. (2015) 

Naturally depressed people often remember negative, sad materials better. Generate more sad memories. That is, they display mood congruence. 

Depressed and control subjects view a list of words. Four word types 

1. Postive 

2. Deoression 

3. Physical Threat 

4. Neurtal  

Results.           Explicit Task (rember what I just told you) 

              Depressed.     Control 

Pos.         -.20.               .60 

Dep.          .80.                  -.5 

Phusical.   -.10.           .35 

 

Results.           Implicit Task (tell me first thing that come to mind) 

              Depressed.     Control 

Pos.         .09               .13 

Dep.          .13                 .07 

Phusical.   .15           .15 

Blanket, grown, rabbit,pain, melon, dye, poodle,week,rake,guilt,avenue,slay,spade,berry,tadpole,flew 

Gave people these lists of words that sound of same, tend to go with the more depressed words for ambigous

Imagery and PTSD symptoms

Strength of object memory postivitely predicts PTSD symptoms. Strength of Spatial memory negatively preditcs PTSD symptoms  

Memory and Trauma--know the memory performance of people with and without PTSD and with and without head trauma.

PTSD (Marquardt et al., 2022)

• Free Recall:
  People with PTSD, especially those with higher re-experiencing symptoms, showed significantly poorer free recall—they had trouble recalling information without prompts. This impairment was worse in individuals with both PTSD and a history of head trauma, suggesting an additive negative effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on memory retrieval.

• Yes/No Recognition:
  Recognition memory (e.g., identifying previously seen items as “yes” or “no”) was less affected, even in those with PTSD and TBI. Although PTSD alone may slightly impact recognition, having a head injury did not significantly worsen performance in recognition tasks. This implies that while head trauma and PTSD together disrupt memory retrieval (free recall), recognition processes remain

EMDR as a treatment for PTSD--what does the evidence presented say?

EDMR: eye movement desentizations and reprocessing has you recall the traumatic event when moving your eyes back and forth. 

This is supposed to result in more coherent and less distressing memories  

1. Are traumatic memories inchoherent to start with? 

2. Does repeated recall make them more coherent? 

3. Does repeated recall make them less stressful? 

Think about imagination inflation, false memories, special mechanism  (or not) for flash bulb memories 

 

Coherence for traumatic fill similar to other types of films over time  

Those watching and repeatedly recalling a traumatic movie did report PTSD including intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. However, this distress was not correlated to their change in coherence ratings, or their coherence rating on the last day 

 

Memory Test

hardest-serial recall, free recall,cued recall, recognition(yes/no and forced choice tha implict (word fragmentation)

^{Cued Recall vs Forced Choice vs Yes/No Recognition test vs Implict Memory Test} 

• ^{Cued Call memory technique giving cues to retrieve information from long term memory} 

• ^{Forced Choice having to choose between a set of options (can’t be neutral or don’t know)} 

• ^{Implicit Memory test- not tied to something you just studied, but consciousness}  

Working memory: Listening span is similar, except sentences are heard, judged as T/F, and then last word recall  

• Counting span: count number of yellow X on each slide, At Recall prompt, recall in serial order, the number of yellows X’s 

• Operation span: verify math problem for accuracy and read word aloud. At recall prompt, recall words in serial order  

• Symmetry Span- you will see a grid-judge if this grid is symmetrical if folded down the center vertically- then a second grade will occur with one square highlighted-you are to remeber this position  

• N back task- you will see a series of letters. Say yes if a letter matches the one that came X before. Otherwise say no, (used for updating) 

• Scores on WM task predict comprehension, reasoning, bridge playing, etc 

Sperling

Demonstrates that we know more than we think.

Associated with sensory memory

Presenting participants with a grid of images then asking them to recall the entire or part of the grid. On average, people remember about 4 items on the grid.

• For the full report, you can get around 4-5 words of 12 letters are reported 

• Partial Report, look at everything and report only one row  

Short Term Memory

• Short term memory-you can’t hold many things in it  

• Span is length of a sequence that a person can repeat correctly only 50% of the time 

• Units of Demonstration: a chunk of letters may by STM  Form of the code is largely phonological in nature, giving a list that sounds similar makes you do poorly 

Baddely Model

• Phonological Loop- Verbal STM, Storage and Rehearsal accounts for several effects  

  The tape loop is limited and can get overloaded  

• Properties of the phonological loop 

1. The world length effect- you can remember more short words than long ones 

   English, Hebrew, Spanish, Arabic  

2. Demonstration ‘3’ noise conditions –unattended sound effect  

3. Articulate suppression  

4. Phonological similarity- effect (things that sound similar- we get mixed up on serial order)

Hub and Spoke model

Different parts of your brains, stores things about an item 

Prospective Model

Trying to remember to do something in the future 

• This is harder than Retrospective. 

• Event based (supposed to tell someone something, when you see them), Time-based (Tuesday at 12, I’m supposed to go to class), Activity based (when you do something next time, you want to do it differently), Location Based  

• Time based is harder, so you forget things more often when something is time based 

Types of Amensia

1. Retrograde Amnesia (RA): lose memories from before 

1. You mostly forget, the most recent task but you have the best memory for things further back in your life, this is called Ribot’s gradient 

2. Pure retrograde amenisa: Patient CH 

1. Does great with learning new material(75^th percentile on immediate recall and 90^th on delayed recall) 

2. She doesn’t have anterograde amnesia 

3. Amnesia for autobiographical memory  

4. She had a hypoxia incident @  35 

5. She has the best memory further back and worse for the 15 years before the incident 

3. RA also occurs with electro convulsive therapy (ECT, used for depression) 

1. Lisanby et. Al 2000, effective short term 

1. The control stayed the same after treatment 

2. Depressed people had more loss in memory after giving ECT 

3. Two months after, the memories come back  

2. Anterograde Amnesia: can’t learn new information 

1. AA occurs in famous patient HM and in diseases such as Korsakoff’s syndrome  

2. HM has severe epilepsy, he had surgery in 1953, took our three thirds of his hippocampal which made his epilepsy better. However, he now has anterograde amnesia.  

1. Study 1a: famous faces: finding people famous for a short time 

1. Control group, head injured group, HM operation from 1953 

2. Further Work with H.M, word learning 

1. HM through the task of mirror tracing got better just like the control 

2. He couldn’t learn facts and stuff, but could learn procedural things  

3. Alcoholics get severe long term Anterograde (Case of Confusion) 

1. The lack of vititams from food, gives you this Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 

1. Free recall is way lower than control 

3. Transient global Amnesia: doesn’t last very long (about a day) 

1. It resolves itself 

2. A man got on a plane and he doesn; 

 

4. Psychogentic Amnesia  

1. a condition characterized by a sudden and significant loss of memory that is not caused by a physical brain injury or disease 

2. John Doe, he doesn’t know where he is but he can speak four languages 

3. Types of Psychogentic Amensia 

Testing effect

Try to retrieve vs Googling 

The people who actually tried to retrieve, will remember it better, for difficult questions, easy questions stayed neutral 

Sleep

sleep enhances memory by solidifying expereinces

Context Dependent

Classic scuba experiment, (when you are in dry sistuations, ur dry recall is better) (when you learn under water, u recall underwater better) 

Let’s go to Mars!

State Dependent

Whatever psychological state you are in when you study, be in that state when you take a test 

People with caffeine does the best with memory 

Then people with nothing do the best  

Synesthesia 

Number color Synesthesia 

If you wrote down the number 3 in black - they would see it in orange