Cardiovascular system- blood

hematology

study of blood

what are the functions of blood?

transportation, protection, regulation

what are the five physical characteristics of blood?

color, volume, viscosity, temperature, pH

what is the normal pH of blood?

7.35 - 7.45

what is a blood smear?

thin layer of blood on a slide

what does centrifuge do to blood?

separates plasma, leukocytes, and erythrocytes

plasma is what percentage?

55%

leukocytes is what percentage?

1%

erythrocytes is what percentage?

44%

hematocrit definition:

percentage of all formed elements

hematocrit clinical definition:

percentage of RBC’s

how is hematocrit calculated?

erythrocytes/ total volume times 100

males typically have a hematocrit range of?

42-56%

females typically have hematocrit range of?

38-46%

what is plasma?

extracellular fluid

plasma is composed of what three things?

water, proteins, and dissolved molecules

albumins

transport proteins

globulins

immunity

fibrinogen

blood clot formation

regulatory proteins

enzymes + hormones

how are formed elements generated?

hemopoiesis

what is the function of erythrocytes?

carry O2 and CO2

what are erythrocytes packed with?

hemoglobin

hemoglobin is made of ________ globin proteins.

4

each of the globin proteins contain a _______ group

heme

the heme group has an __________ ion.

iron

oxygen binds to the _______ ion.

iron

CO2 binds to the __________________

globin protein

the kidney secretes the hormone ________________________

erythroprotein

erythroprotein acts on __________ stem cells which?

myeloid, produce more RBC’s!

do erythrocytes have nucleus and organelles?

no!

where do RBC’s get phagocytized + destroyed?

liver + spleen

the different components get recycled and iron is carried back to ______________.

red bone marrow

the heme group becomes _______________, where is is taken up and used as a component of bile.

billirubin

____________ are a small protein attached to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes that react with antibodies.

antigens

_______ is when the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal

anemia

______________ is known as the clumping of blood when blood types cannot mix.

agglutination

leukocytes contain ______________ + ______________

nucleus and organelles

leukocytes play an important role in _________________ the body

protecting

leukocytes can be grouped into two categories: ________________ and ____________________

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes contain the 3 “_________’s”

phils

_______________ phagocytize bacteria

neutrophils

__________________ phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

esonophils

_________________ inhibit clotting with histamines

basophils

__________________cytes manage immune response

T-lymphocytes

____________cytes produce antibodies

B-lymphocytes

________________ cells attack abnormal cells

NK

________________cytes phagocytize bacteria

monocytes

differential count:

measures amt of each type of leukocyte

leukopenia:

reduced # of leukocytes

leukocytosis:

elevated leukocyte count

neutrophilia:

increase in neutrophil count

neutropenia:

decreased neutrophil count

lymphocytosis:

increase in lymphocytes

leukemia

cancer in leukocyte forming cells

platelets are also know as:

thrombocytes

what is the role of platelets?

blood clotting!

platelets arise from a cell type called a ______________

megakaryocyte

______________ is the stopping bleeding

hemostasis

three steps in blood clotting:

vascular spasm → platelet plug → coagulation

vascular spasm:

blood vessel constricts

platelet plug:

platelets stick to collagen fibers

coagulation

forms a fibrin blood clot

what causes the sticking of platelets to the damaged area?

vWF

homeostasis requires 4 things:

calcium, platelets, clotting factors, and vitamin K

the _____________ pathway is where extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge.

common

the pathway ends with prothrombin being converted into _______________.

thrombin

which converts fibrinogen into _________

fibrin

when the clot is no longer needed, two things happen:

clot retraction and fibrinolysis

hemophilia

bleeding disorder

anticogulants

can cause bleeding

embolus

clot blocks BV

ischemic stroke

blockage of artery