AQA GCSE 9-1 Combined Science Trilogy Comprehensive Flashcards

What are the two main types of cell?

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

How is magnification calculated?

the size of the image divided by the size of the real object

What are chromosomes made of?

DNA

Osmosis

the process by which water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.

What is an organ?

a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific job.

What are the three main types of digestive enzymes?

protease, lipase and carbohydrase

What are the three different types of blood vessels?

arteries, veins and capillaries

What two treatments can be used for coronary heart disease?

stents to keep coronary arteries open or statins to reduce cholesterol.

Name the process by which water evaporates through stomata in the leaves.

transpiration

What is the vector of malaria?

A type of mosquito

How can a person be made immune to a specific disease?

vaccination

What is MRSA?

a strain of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics.

Pathogen

a disease-causing microorganism

What two products are produced when carbon dioxide and water combine in photosyntesis?

glucose and oxygen

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

fermentation

What are the chemical messengers produced by the glands of the endocrine system?

hormones

What four hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrogen, luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone.

What type of cell division forms gametes?

meiosis

What word describes having two different alleles for a gene?

heterozygous

What process is the gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time?

evolution

What is the classification system called in which organisms are given two-part name made up of their genus + species?

The binomial system.

What is a population?

A group of individuals of one species living in a habitat.

Immune system

the body's defence system against infections and diseases (consists of white blood cells and antibodies)

Phagocytosis

the process by which one cell, such as a white blood cell, surrounds and engulfs another cell

Antibody

a protein produced in the body by the immune system to kill specific pathogens

Antigen

a marker molecule found on the surface of microorganisms

Antitoxin

a chemical released from white blood cells that can neutralise harmful toxins

Immunity

the ability to attack a pathogen before it causes disease due to a previous encounter with the pathogen

Vaccination

a liquid preparation containing inactive or dead pathogens, used to make the body produce antibodies to provide protection against disease

Antibiotics

medication used to kill bacterial pathogens inside the body

MRSA

(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) - an antibiotic-resistant bacterium; a 'superbug'

Digitalis

a drug extracted from foxgloves, used to treat heart problems

Aspirin

a painkilling drug first extracted from the bark of willow trees

Penicillin

an antibiotic extracted from the Penicillium fungus

Double-blind trial

a trial where neither the patient nor the doctor know if the patient is receiving the test drug or a placebo

Placebo

a dummy drug given to patients during drug trials

Pathogen

a disease-causing microorganism

vector

an organism that carries a pathogen but does not suffer from the disease

toxin

a poisonous chemical, produced by certain pathogens

nonspecific defences

the first line of defence against pathogens in general, includes skin, hair, mucus, etc.

Oestrogen

controls development of female secondary sexual characteristics; secreted from the ovaries

Progesterone

regulates menstrual cycle; secreted from the ovaries

anti-diuretic hormone

also known as ADH; secreted by the pituitary; controls the water content of the blood; makes the collecting ducts of nephrons more permeable to water so that more water is reabsorbed

adrenalin

prepares the body for physical activity; released from the adrenal glands

insulin

lowers blood glucose; instructs liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose and store it as glycogen; secreted by the pancreas

glucagon

increases blood glucose levels; instructs liver and muscle cells to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood; secreted by the pancreas

testosterone

controls development of secondary sexual characteristics in males; secreted by the testes

hormone

a chemical messenger; secreted by glands directly into the bloodstream; travels round the body dissolved in blood plasma

target organ

contains receptors on its cells allowing the hormone to bind to the cell membrane and deliver its instructional message

endocrine gland

ductless glands, secreting hormones directly into the blood vessels that pass through the gland