viruses and biotech for biolab

What is the function of the viral envelope?

The viral envelope helps the virus to enter the host cell, protects the viral genome, and allows for recognition of the host cell.

What can a bacteriophage infect?

A bacteriophage can infect bacteria.

What is the genetic material of a virus made of?

The genetic material of a virus is made of DNA or RNA.

Which structure is common to all viruses?

The capsid is common to all viruses.

How do viruses reproduce?

Viruses reproduce through the lytic cycle.

What does the capsid do?

The capsid is a protein coat present in all viruses.

What is true of viruses?

Viruses require a host to reproduce.

What do viruses have?

Viruses have a protein coat and nucleic acid, but they are not living cells.

What is true of reverse transcriptase?

Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to make DNA.

Is the statement 'The reproductive cycle of the virus that results in death of the host cell is called the lysogenic cycle' true or false?

False; it is called the lytic cycle

What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is a harmless variant of a pathogen that helps to stimulate an immune response.

What is an emerging virus?

An emerging virus is one that suddenly becomes apparent in a population.

Which statement is false about viruses?

Antibiotics are an effective treatment against viral infections.

How does the HIV virus reproduce?

HIV reproduces by converting RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase.

What type of microscope is used to observe viruses?

Viruses can be observed using an electron microscope.

Differentiate between the lytic and lysogenic cycles.

The lytic cycle causes host cell destruction, while the lysogenic cycle incorporates viral DNA into host DNA.

What is a prophage?

A prophage is viral DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA.

Where does a virus get its envelope from?

A virus gets its envelope from the host cell membrane.

Which type of virus uses reverse transcriptase?

Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase.

Which infectious agents do not have nucleic acid?

Prions do not have nucleic acid.

Which of the following is an example of a restriction enzyme?

EcoRI is an example of a restriction enzyme.

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

The primary function of restriction enzymes in bacteria is defense against foreign DNA.

What is a feature of sticky ends created by some restriction enzymes?

Sticky ends are complementary to each other and can base pair.

What cuts DNA by recognizing specific sequences?

Restriction endonucleases cut DNA by recognizing specific sequences.

What best describes the recognition site of a restriction enzyme?

A specific DNA sequence that the enzyme cuts.

During gel electrophoresis, where is the DNA sample loaded?

The DNA sample is loaded in wells close to the negative electrode.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restriction enzymes?

They are used in protein synthesis.

Does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments based on their size?

True.

What technique is used to compare criminal suspects' DNA to DNA evidence?

DNA fingerprinting is used for that purpose.

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules according to what?

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules according to size.

What are four characteristics that viruses lack but are found in living cells?

1. Metabolism 2. Ability to reproduce by themselves 3. Cell structure like organelles 4. Ability to maintain homeostasis

Where does a virus get its envelope from?

From the host cell membrane or other cellular membranes.

Which virus reproductive cycle leads to the destruction of the host cell?

The lytic cycle leads to the destruction of the host cell.

How does the HIV virus reproduce?

Through the process of reverse transcription, converting RNA genome into DNA using reverse transcription enzyme.

Which infectious agents do not have nucleic acid?

Prions.

What is a virus containing only nucleic acid and a capsid called?

A naked virus or non-enveloped virus.

What type of microscope is used to diagnose and observe viruses?

An electron microscope.

What are cell abnormalities resulting from a viral infection called?

Cytopathic effects.

the geometric differences among helical, polyhedral, and complex viruses

Helical viruses have rod-like shapes.

polyhedral viruses are spherical with flat faces, and

Complex viruses possess more intricate forms that combine features of both helical and polyhedral shapes.

 

10.       Differentiate between lytic and lysogenic cycles.

The lytic cycle leads to the immediate destruction of the host cell through virus replication and cell lysis, while the

lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, allowing for replication without killing the host immediately.

11. Discuss some methods by which plant viruses are transmitted from diseased plants to a healthy one.

Mechanical transmission, through direct contact or through tools that transfer infected plant sap. Grafting viruses spread when infected plant tissues are grafted onto healthy plants , and seed transmission viruses can be transmitted through infected seeds during planting