Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Strategies

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering verbal and non-verbal communication strategies, politeness markers, and linguistic devices based on the lecture transcript.

Verbal Communication

The process of expressing ideas and emotions through spoken language.

Nonverbal Communication

The exchange of information without the use of spoken or written words.

Politeness

In linguistics, the regulation of exchanges between participants and the adaptation of their linguistic register.

Politeness Markers

Linguistic devices that help speakers navigate power dynamics and social hierarchies.

Honorifics

Titles such as Mr., Mrs., Dr., or Professor that convey esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.

Hedging

A word or phrase used in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability, caution, or indecisiveness rather than full accuracy or certainty.

Indirectness

A communication style that conveys meaning or intent in a subtle or implied manner rather than stating it directly.

Message Abandonment

Leaving a message unfinished because of language difficulties.

Topic Avoidance

A strategy where speakers do not talk about concepts which they find difficult to express.

Circumlocution

Describing or paraphrasing a target object or action, such as calling a corkscrew "the thing that you use to open the bottle."

Approximation

Using an alternative term to express the meaning of a target lexical item as closely as possible, such as using "ship" for "sail boat."

Use of all-purpose words

Expanding an empty lexical item to contexts where certain words are lacking, resulting in the overuse of words like "thing," "stuff," "make," or "do."

Word Coinage

Creating a word based on an individual's knowledge of morphological rules, such as "vegetarianist" for "vegetarian."

Non linguistic mean

The use of non-linguistic resources such as mime, gesture, facial expression, and sound imitation to help express meaning.

Literal translation

Translating a lexical item, idiom, or structure word-for-word from a native language to a foreign language, such as translating "Suntok sa buwan" as "a punch to the moon."

Foreignizing

Using a first language word by adjusting it phonologically to the second language, such as using "Shiros" for "Whites."

Code switching

Using a first language word with second language pronunciation, such as "Publik" for "public" or "Kota" for "quota."

Appeal for help

Asking other students or teachers for help because the speaker does not know or has forgotten specific words.

Use of fillers/hesitation devices

Using filling words like "well," "now let me see," "umm," or "mmm" to fill pauses and gain time to think.

Using wrong terms

Using an alternative term to express the meaning of the target, such as "circle road" for "round about" or "mix" for "stir."

Repetition

Repeating words or phrases, such as "he starts to… her starts to…", to gain time to think.

Intercultural Sensitivity

An individual's ability to develop emotion towards understanding and appreciating cultural differences, promoting appropriate behavior in intercultural communication.