ARC 222 Exam 3 Definitions

Laugier, Essai sur l'Architecture/Essays on Architecture

Published in 1753

Primitive Hut -true and natural aspects of architecture

Reacts negibitly to renissance forms - dosen’t like columns used for decoration

Should never put anything ina building for which one cannot give a solid reason

Idea that design should go back to function.

l'architecture parlent

“speaking architecutre’

Being able to read the function of building on exterior

EX: Royal Salt Works

A. W. N. Pugin’s book

"Contrasts", published in 1836, argued for a moral basis for architecture and criticized industrialization.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth beginning in the late 18th century that transformed manufacturing processes, economies, and social structures, leading to significant changes in architecture and urban development.

Standardized parts

Materiasl

EX: Crystal palace

Viollet-le-Duc

A French architect known for his restoration of medieval buildings and his theoretical writings on architecture, advocating for the use of modern techniques and materials.

*French arc. critic and father of historic preservation, promotes iron as modern

*Architectural Critic and father of historic preservation

*thought architecture should be trughtful to function, construction and material

École des Beaux-Arts

A prestigious French school of architecture founded in the 17th century, known for its rigorous training and emphasis on classical principles and design.

Georges Eugene Baron Haussmann

A French urban planner known for his extensive renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century, which included the creation of wide boulevards, public parks, and improved sanitation.

*Perfect of Paris under Napolean III in 1809

Mansard Roof and give example

A type of roof characterized by its double slope on each side, with the lower slope being steeper than the upper. An example is the roof of the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Ex: Builtmore

John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture

John Ruskin's influential work published in 1849 that presents his beliefs about the moral and artistic principles of architecture, emphasizing the importance of nature, craftsmanship, and the spiritual dimensions of buildings.

Lamp of Truth:

Arch should not: - Suggest a structure other than one used
- Included painted surfaces to represent something else
- Use cast-iron or machine-made ornament of any kind

Lamp of Life

Bad workmanship is better than good work from a machine

Skyscraper

self-supporting steel frame, Human elevators, fireproof materials + height

EX: Monadnock Building

Louis Sullivan, "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered

*(1896) essay (promotes treating tall office buildings like a column with a base, a shaft, & a capital (cornice) also Form Follows Function)

Staff

*artificial stone of powdered gypsum a.k.a. Plaster of Paris

EX: used in 1893 Worlds Columbian Esposition Court of Honor

Plan of Chicago

(1909) comprehensive plan by Daniel Burnham to improve urban design and promote orderly city grown

*(Burnham & Bennett, 1909) Inspirational neoclassical plan for city ala Paris

William Morris

Prominent designer, writer, and socialist in the late 19th century, known for his contributions to the Arts and Crafts Movement, promoting handcrafted goods and traditional craftsmanship.

*Father of the Arts & Crafts Movement (Machines are evil)

wanted to unify the low art to the high arts

*Saw the industrial revolution undervalued workers and craft

Bungalow

A low, single-story house, often featuring a front porch and a simple, open floor plan, popularized in the early 20th century.

*Protected space outside of house (overhang)

EX: Gamble House

The Prairie School

An architectural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States, characterized by its emphasis on horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs, and integration with the landscape, notably promoted by architects like Frank Lloyd Wright.

*group of young progressive Chicago architects, including F L Wright

*not a school but an organization

Wright’s "The Art and Craft of the Machine"

a seminal work discussing the relationship between machines and craftsmanship, advocating for the thoughtful use of technology in design.

*1901 lecture given at Hull House, then published

*oecture by Wright given in 1901 at Hull House - thought if you put something good in the machine something good will come out (not the machines fault)

Major core influences on Wright

Nature, Music, Froebel Gifts, Louis Sullivan & Japanese Prints

Ribbon Windows

long horizontal bands of windows)

EX: commonly used by Frank Wright (Ward Willits house)

Breaking of the Box"

designing rooms that are not box shaped

EX: Unity temple, by breaking up spaces by moving up and down along with ribbions

Path of Discovery

*design of a pathway usually w/ multiple turns that encourages the
visitor to experience a building in a specific way

EX:Unity temple: had to walk thought alter instead of putting back to it

Gesamtkunstwerk

*Total work of art

EX: Unity Temple

Zeitgeist

the spirit of the time, reflecting the attitudes and ideas of a particular period in history.

*The spirit of the time

*refers to the prevailing cultural and political climate at a particular period in history

EX: Modernization of Paris - wanting to move away from medivle and show power of city

Loos, Ornament and Crime

An essay by Adolf Loos criticizing decorative arts and promoting functionalism in architecture.

essay) be able to talk about his views on applied ornament