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Flashcards covering key vocabulary from Pre-AP Biology Final Exam Outline lecture notes.
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Abiotic Factor
A factor in an ecosystem that is non-living
Biotic Factor
A factor in an ecosystem that is living
Decomposer
Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms
Consumer
Organisms that eat other organisms
Producer
Organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis
Carnivore
Organisms that eat only meat
Herbivore
Organisms that eat only plants
Autotroph
Organisms that produce their own food using light, water, and carbon dioxide
Heterotroph
Organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms
Omnivore
Organisms that eat both plants and animals
Primary Consumer
Consumers that eat producers
Secondary Consumer
Consumers that eat primary consumers
Tertiary Consumer
Consumers that eat secondary consumers
Natality
The birth rate of a population
Mortality
The death rate of a population
Emigration
The movement of individuals out of a population
Immigration
The movement of individuals into a population
Density-Dependent Factors
Factors that affect a population based on its density
Density-Independent Factors
Factors that affect a population regardless of its density
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
Parasitism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Keystone Species
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance
Primary Succession
Ecological succession that begins in essentially lifeless areas, such as a lava flow or a formerly glaciated area
Secondary Succession
Ecological succession that begins in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; such as by fire, flood etc.
Climax Community
The final, stable community in ecological succession
Transpiration
Process where water is discharged from the leaf to the atmosphere
Evaporation
The change of a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state
Condensation
The change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water
Run-off
Water that flows over the land surface
Universal Solvent
The capacity of a substance to dissolve other substances
Cohesion
The attraction of molecules of the same kind
Adhesion
The attraction of molecules of different kinds
Specific Heat Capacity
The heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius
Surface Tension
tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible
Deforestation
The removal of trees from a forest
Climate Change
A change in global or regional climate patterns
Invasive Species
A species that is not native to a specific location and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health
Pollution
The presence or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects
Organic Molecules
Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen
Monomer
A small molecule that can bind to other similar molecules to form a polymer
Polymer
A large molecule composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
Substrate
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Active Site
The part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Reactant
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
Activation Energy
The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur
Denature
To alter (a protein or nucleic acid) from its natural state
Aerobic Respiration
Requires Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Does Not Require Oxygen
Stomata
Pores in the Epidermis of Leaves and stems
Xylem
The tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem
Phloem
The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves
Eukaryote
A cell with a true nucleus
Prokaryote
A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles
Differentiation
the process by which cells become specialized
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate; main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active Transport
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell
Isotonic
A solution with the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
Carcinogen
A substance that can cause cancer
Chemotherapy
The treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs
Radiation
The use of high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells
Evolution
The process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits
Homologous Structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
Analogous Structures
Structures in different species that are similar in function but not in structure and which do not share a common ancestral origin
Vestigial Structures
A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution
Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
Gene Pool
The total collection of genes in a population at any one time
Coevolution
The process by which different species evolve similar traits
Artificial Selection
The process by which humans breed animals and plants for particular traits
Sexual Selection
The process by which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
Punctuated Equilibrium
A model of evolution in which speciation is punctuated by rapid bursts of change
Extinction
The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct
Speciation
The process by which new species arise
Allopatric Speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another
Sympatric Speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence
Alleles
Different versions of a gene
Dominant
An allele that masks the presence of another allele
Recessive
An allele that is masked by the presence of another allele
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a trait