Pre-AP Biology Final Exam Vocabulary

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary from Pre-AP Biology Final Exam Outline lecture notes.

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90 Terms

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Abiotic Factor

A factor in an ecosystem that is non-living

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Biotic Factor

A factor in an ecosystem that is living

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Decomposer

Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms

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Consumer

Organisms that eat other organisms

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Producer

Organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis

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Carnivore

Organisms that eat only meat

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Herbivore

Organisms that eat only plants

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Autotroph

Organisms that produce their own food using light, water, and carbon dioxide

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Heterotroph

Organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms

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Omnivore

Organisms that eat both plants and animals

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Primary Consumer

Consumers that eat producers

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Secondary Consumer

Consumers that eat primary consumers

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Tertiary Consumer

Consumers that eat secondary consumers

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Natality

The birth rate of a population

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Mortality

The death rate of a population

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Emigration

The movement of individuals out of a population

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Immigration

The movement of individuals into a population

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Density-Dependent Factors

Factors that affect a population based on its density

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Density-Independent Factors

Factors that affect a population regardless of its density

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Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

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Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed

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Commensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

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Keystone Species

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance

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Primary Succession

Ecological succession that begins in essentially lifeless areas, such as a lava flow or a formerly glaciated area

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Secondary Succession

Ecological succession that begins in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; such as by fire, flood etc.

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Climax Community

The final, stable community in ecological succession

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Transpiration

Process where water is discharged from the leaf to the atmosphere

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Evaporation

The change of a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state

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Condensation

The change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water

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Run-off

Water that flows over the land surface

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Universal Solvent

The capacity of a substance to dissolve other substances

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Cohesion

The attraction of molecules of the same kind

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Adhesion

The attraction of molecules of different kinds

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Specific Heat Capacity

The heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

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Surface Tension

tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible

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Deforestation

The removal of trees from a forest

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Climate Change

A change in global or regional climate patterns

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Invasive Species

A species that is not native to a specific location and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health

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Pollution

The presence or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects

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Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen

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Monomer

A small molecule that can bind to other similar molecules to form a polymer

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Polymer

A large molecule composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together

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Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

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Substrate

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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Active Site

The part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate

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Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

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Reactant

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

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Activation Energy

The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur

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Denature

To alter (a protein or nucleic acid) from its natural state

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Aerobic Respiration

Requires Oxygen

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Anaerobic Respiration

Does Not Require Oxygen

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Stomata

Pores in the Epidermis of Leaves and stems

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Xylem

The tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem

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Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves

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Eukaryote

A cell with a true nucleus

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Prokaryote

A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

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Differentiation

the process by which cells become specialized

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

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Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

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Isotonic

A solution with the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells

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Carcinogen

A substance that can cause cancer

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Chemotherapy

The treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs

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Radiation

The use of high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells

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Evolution

The process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits

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Homologous Structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

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Analogous Structures

Structures in different species that are similar in function but not in structure and which do not share a common ancestral origin

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Vestigial Structures

A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution

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Natural Selection

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

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Gene Pool

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time

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Coevolution

The process by which different species evolve similar traits

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Artificial Selection

The process by which humans breed animals and plants for particular traits

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Sexual Selection

The process by which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

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Punctuated Equilibrium

A model of evolution in which speciation is punctuated by rapid bursts of change

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Extinction

The state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct

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Speciation

The process by which new species arise

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Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another

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Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence

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Alleles

Different versions of a gene

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Dominant

An allele that masks the presence of another allele

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Recessive

An allele that is masked by the presence of another allele

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Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations

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Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a trait

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a trait