SCITECH - MIDDLE EAST

Kitab al-jabr

• first book on algebra

Scitech of the Islamic world

• Kitab al-jabr - first book on algebra

• Advances in medicine and anatomy and other allied sciences as well

• Invented more than 200 surgical instruments many of which are still being used today, such as forceps and the surgical syringe

• It includes latin translations to Arabic texts of astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine

• Contributed in Islamic, arts, agriculture, and pottery

medicine and anatomy

• Advances in _ and _ and other allied sciences as well

forceps and the surgical syringe

Invented more than 200 surgical instruments many of which are still being used today, such as and the _

latin

It includes _ translations to Arabic texts of astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine

Scitech of Islamic world is focused on:

• Navigational aids for travelers

• Geographical maps

• Medical knowledge

• Ways of measuring and calculating

• Tools for agriculture

Astronomy in islamic world

• L - Large observatories were established like Islamic Observatory

• M - New instruments such as the astrolabes

• R - and Observatory sextant were developed

Chemistry in Islamic World

• an important part of other industries such as metal-working ceramic manufacturing, pharmacy and dyeing.

• Islamic scientists developed new experimental techniques and methods such as distillation

Medicine and surgery in Islamic World

•  based on the Greek model of the four elements and humours.

• Uses herbal medicine and alchemy

• Islamic law forbade dissections

Islamic Golden Age

• a period of immense cultural, scientific, and intellectual advancement during the Middle Ages.

mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and philosophy.

in islamic golden age, laid the foundation for modern fields of _

algebra, algorithm, and almanac

Its legacy still shows in modern language and knowledge—words like_, , and _ stem from this era.

Prophet Muhammad

who  began spreading Islam in 610 AD, eventually consolidating power in the Arabian Peninsula.

T

T OR F. After Prophet Muhammad death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate and later the Umayyads expanded the empire into Levant, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Iberia.

Abbasid Caliphate

The_ overthrew the Umayyads, leading to a more inclusive and diverse empire.

Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese

The Arabic Translation Movement translated texts from_,_,_,_ and _ sources into arabic

Baghdad & The House of Wisdom

• The Abbasids built Baghdad in 762 CE, a strategic, cosmopolitan hub that became the empire’s intellectual center.

• The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) was established and expanded by caliphs like Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and especially Al-Ma'mun.

• It had specialized wings for different sciences and even included an observatory.

• Scholars of all religions and ethnicities worked there: Muslims, Christians, Jews, and Persians alike.

Education & Scientific Progress:

• Madrasahs (schools) evolved from mosques into higher education centers funded by public and private endowments.

• Subjects ranged from religious law to mathematics, alchemy, astronomy, logic, and philosophy.

• The Caliphate boasted the highest literacy rate in the Middle Ages due to this education boom.

• Scholars were so highly valued that ancient texts were demanded in peace treaties, like Ptolemy’s Almagest.

House of Wisdom

• became the most significant knowledge center of the time, comparable to a modern research university.

• Although its physical remains are gone, its impact is undeniable—fueling not just Islamic but global intellectual development.