Key Vocabulary from SDG-oriented Lectures (Agriculture, Environment, Labour, Health, Education)

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Vocabulary flashcards cover central terms and concepts across lectures on agriculture, environment, labour, health and education, aligned with Sustainable Development Goals. They aid English-language revision for upcoming exams.

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93 Terms

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SDG 2

Sustainable Development Goal that aims to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030.

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Food Security

Physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets dietary needs for an active, healthy life.

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Malnutrition

A condition that includes both under-nutrition and over-nutrition (obesity) resulting from inadequate or imbalanced diets.

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Sustainable Food Chain

A food production and distribution system upgraded to integrate ecological, social and economic sustainability principles.

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Upgrading (Food Chains)

Improving processes, products or market linkages so agricultural producers capture higher value and sustainability benefits.

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Ad-hoc Approach (Agriculture)

Short-term, piecemeal solutions that solve immediate food problems but lack structural or environmental sustainability.

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Market Failure (Food)

A situation where food markets do not reward sustainable production or ensure equitable access, causing hunger or environmental harm.

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Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus’ idea that food production grows arithmetically while population grows geometrically, leading to inevitable famines.

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Sen’s Entitlement Theory

Amartya Sen’s concept that famines arise from unequal food distribution and lack of purchasing power, not absolute scarcity.

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Anticipation Policy

A famine-prevention strategy focused on analysing food management and reallocation options before shortages occur.

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Food Crisis 2007/08

Global spike in food prices driven by market speculation, climate shocks and resource competition, exposing food system fragility.

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LTO Netherlands

Dutch farmers’ association representing agricultural producers, especially the dairy sector, in policy and market discussions.

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Agricultural Efficiency (NL)

High output per hectare and per unit of input achieved in Dutch farming through technology and innovation.

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Ammonia Emissions

Air pollutants (NH₃) mainly from livestock manure that contribute to acidification, biodiversity loss and climate impacts.

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Net Food Exporter

A country or region that exports more agricultural products (by value or volume) than it imports.

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Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

Gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, driving global warming.

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Externality

A cost or benefit from an economic activity experienced by third parties and not reflected in market prices.

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Carbon Pricing

Policy instrument that assigns a monetary value to each ton of CO₂-equivalent emitted, internalising climate externalities.

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EU Emission Trading System (ETS)

Cap-and-trade market where European firms buy or receive allowances to emit greenhouse gases within a declining cap.

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Implicit Energy Subsidy

Under-pricing of fuels relative to their full social cost, including uncharged environmental and health damages.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Systematic comparison of discounted benefits and costs of a policy to determine its net present value (NPV).

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Discount Rate

Rate used to convert future costs and benefits into present values; lower rates give more weight to long-term effects.

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Net Present Value (NPV)

Sum of discounted benefits minus discounted costs; positive NPV indicates a project increases welfare.

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Energy Technology Perspectives

IEA report outlining technology pathways required to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century.

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Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)

Technology that removes CO₂ from industrial processes or air and stores or reuses it to avoid atmospheric release.

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Green Hydrogen

Hydrogen produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, emitting virtually no GHGs.

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European Green Deal

EU growth strategy targeting climate neutrality by 2050, including a 55% GHG reduction by 2030 (Fit for 55).

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Social Cost of Carbon

Monetary estimate of the global damages caused by emitting one additional ton of CO₂.

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UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) establishing the foundation for global climate governance.

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Kyoto Protocol

1997 treaty committing developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 5% vs. 1990 levels.

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Paris Agreement

2015 accord aiming to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 °C and pursue efforts for 1.5 °C.

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Free-rider Problem

Tendency of actors to benefit from others’ emission reductions without contributing themselves, undermining collective action.

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Utility Possibility Frontier

Curve showing all efficient distributions of welfare between individuals given resources and technology.

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Pareto Optimality

Allocation where no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off.

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Coase Theorem

Theory that assigning property rights and allowing negotiation can solve externalities if transaction costs are low.

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Command-and-Control Regulation

Government rules that set limits or require specific technologies rather than using price incentives.

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Public Good

Good that is non-rival and non-excludable, such as clean air, often underprovided by markets.

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Flexibilisation (Labour)

Shift toward short-term contracts, gig work and self-employment, increasing employment insecurity.

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Automation

Substitution of human labour by machines or software, often via digitalisation and AI.

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SDG 8.5

Target to achieve full, productive employment and equal pay for work of equal value by 2030.

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SDG 8.8

Target to protect labour rights and promote safe working environments, especially for migrant and precarious workers.

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Resilience (SDG 1.5)

Capacity of vulnerable groups to absorb economic, social or climatic shocks without falling into poverty.

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Non-linear Climate Impact

Relationship where modest warming benefits cooler economies but severely harms already warm countries.

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WAO (Netherlands)

Dutch law (1967) providing long-term disability insurance and income replacement until retirement age.

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Platform Worker

Person providing services mediated by online platforms (e.g., ride-hailing) often classified outside traditional employment.

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Hybrid Social Security

Combination of public mandates and private insurance to cover sickness, disability or unemployment risks.

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Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

All people receiving needed health services without financial hardship.

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Baumol Effect

Rising relative costs in labour-intensive sectors with slow productivity growth, such as healthcare or education.

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COVAX

Global initiative co-led by WHO to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all countries.

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Vaccine Nationalism

Practice of high-income countries securing vaccine doses for their own populations at the expense of others.

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Pipeline Production Model

Traditional linear value chain where a firm controls R&D, manufacturing and distribution end-to-end.

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Platform Production Model

Business model that matches independent suppliers and consumers via a digital platform, enabling scalability and innovation.

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Population Health Management

Approach that segments populations by risk and delivers preventive, coordinated care to improve outcomes and lower costs.

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Multimodal Diagnostics

Combining diverse data sources (lab tests, imaging, genetics) with AI to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

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Five Ps of Medicine

Future healthcare principles: Precise, Personalised, Predictive, Preventive, and Proactive.

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Circular Care Model

Healthcare system aiming at zero waste through reuse, recycling and resource efficiency.

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SDG 3

Goal to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

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SDG 4

Goal to provide inclusive, equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities.

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Human Capital Model

Framework linking education levels and distribution to future earnings and income inequality.

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Education Inequality

Unequal distribution of schooling years or quality across individuals, regions or social groups.

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Return to Education

Increase in earnings or productivity associated with an additional year or level of schooling.

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Lifelong Learning

Ongoing acquisition of knowledge and skills throughout adult life to adapt to changing labour markets.

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Non-cognitive Skills

Traits like perseverance, self-confidence and social abilities that influence economic and educational outcomes.

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Brixiova Study

Research examining how education and training affect female entrepreneurship performance in Eswatini.

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Why Nations Fail

Book arguing that inclusive economic and political institutions determine long-run national prosperity.

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Shareholder Capitalism

Corporate model prioritising shareholder returns over wider stakeholder interests.

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Carbon Price Gap

Difference between the social cost of carbon and the actual price levied on emissions in a country.

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Implicit Carbon Pricing

Estimate of carbon cost embedded in existing energy taxes, regulations and subsidies.

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Net-zero Emissions

Balance between anthropogenic GHG emissions and removal, achieving no net addition to the atmosphere.

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Hydrogen Economy

Energy system where hydrogen plays a major role as fuel, feedstock or storage medium.

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CO₂ Cap

Upper limit on total emissions allowed within an ETS, reduced over time to meet climate targets.

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Social Safety Net

Public or collective mechanisms that protect individuals from poverty or income loss.

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Gig Economy

Labour market characterised by short-term, task-based work mediated by digital platforms.

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Automatic Stabiliser

Fiscal mechanism (e.g., taxes, unemployment benefits) that cushions household income during economic downturns without new legislation.

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Gini Coefficient

Statistical measure (0–1) of income inequality; higher values indicate greater inequality.

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Inclusive Growth

Economic expansion that distributes benefits broadly across society, reducing poverty and inequality.

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Shankey (Sankey) Diagram

Flow diagram showing energy or material inputs, conversions and losses across an economy.

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Biomass Carbon Debt

Temporary increase in atmospheric CO₂ when biomass is burned before regrowth re-absorbs emissions.

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Carbon Leakage

Relocation of emissions-intensive activities to jurisdictions with laxer climate policies, undermining reduction efforts.

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Global Public Good

Good whose benefits are worldwide and non-excludable, such as a stable climate.

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Transaction Cost

Expense incurred in making an economic exchange, including information, negotiation and enforcement costs.

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Marginal External Cost

Additional harm to society from producing one extra unit of a good, used to set Pigouvian taxes.

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Pigouvian Tax

Levy equal to the marginal external cost of an activity to internalise negative externalities.

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Command-and-Control

Regulatory approach imposing specific limits or technology standards rather than market-based incentives.

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Energy Subsidy Reform

Adjustment of energy prices to reflect private and external costs, often raising fossil-fuel prices.

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Climate Justice

Principle that those least responsible for climate change often bear the greatest impacts and deserve support.

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SDG 1.5

Target to build resilience of the poor and reduce their vulnerability to climate-related and other shocks.

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Digitalisation

Integration of digital technologies into business and social processes, transforming production and services.

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Occupational Automation Risk

Probability that tasks within an occupation can be computerised or performed by machines.

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Health Technology Assessment (HTA)

Systematic evaluation of properties, effects and impacts of health technologies to inform policy decisions.

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Value-based Healthcare

Financing model that rewards providers for health outcomes rather than volume of services delivered.

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AI Ethics

Study and application of moral principles to the development and use of artificial intelligence.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Set of 17 global objectives adopted by the UN in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity.