Basics of Osteology

Epiphysis/ Head

End of long bones

Diaphysis/ Shaft

Shaft of long bones

Articular Surface/ Cartilage

Covers the part of the bone forming a joint

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Between epiphysis and diaphysis; how long bones grow. Fuse when growth stops

Medullary (spongy) bone

Inside, contains marrow, very porus

Cortical (compact) bone

Hard outer layer

Periosteum

External covering of the bone

Characteristics of the periosteum

Rich blood supply, many nerves

Attachments of the periosteum

ligaments and tendons attach (not cortical bone)

Stress fractures

Overuse injury

Bone breaks down faster than it can heal

stress fracture

How do stress fractures progress?

Starts at periosteal inflammation then progresses to a full fracture if untreated

What is the root of Osteo + perosis

Porus bone

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone density making bones fragile and prone to fracture (Hormones play a key role in bone density)

Retaliative Energy deficiency Syndrome (RED-S) Components?

1. Common in individuals with a uterus, but affects all genders

2. Low energy (with or without eating disorder)

3. Decreased/lack of menstruation (or other signs of impaired sex hormones)

4. Low bone density (osteoporosis, stress fractures)

Retaliative Energy deficiency Syndrome (RED-S) broader impacts?

Psychological issues, cardiovascular problems, decreased athletic performance

What does RED-S stand for?

Retaliative Energy deficiency Syndrome

PT role in RED-S

Tend to first identify RED-S due to longer patient interaction

Wolff’s law

Bones respond to forces. More stress (weight-bearing) through a bone, with adequate energy, leads to stronger bone

Trabeculae

Spongy bone forms lines/patterns aligned with force vectors (compression and release) through the bone

How does trabeculae form?

Activity

How does trabeculae resorb?

inactivity

Trochanter

Very big bump, large muscles attach

Tuberosity

medium bump, some muscles attach

tubercle

small bump, less powerful muscles or ligaments attach

Fossa

Shallow surface/hallow, broad muscle attach

Facet

Flat articular surface at some joints

Condyle

Rounded protuberance at the end of long bone

Epi

above or upon

Location of Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Covers ends of bones at synovial joints

appearance of Articular (hyaline) cartilage

whitish, slippery

Blood supply of Articular (hyaline) cartilage

No blood vessels

how does Articular (hyaline) cartilage receive nutrients?

from synovial fluid

what is the structure of fibrocartilage?

dense collagen tissue

What are examples of fibrocartilage?

ears, nose, intervertebral discs, hi/shoulder labrum, knee menisci

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

absorbing shock and stabilizing joints

Blood supply of fibrocartilage?

Some blood vessels. healing depends on blood supply and synovial fluid

Synovial joint characteristics

allow movement, have articular cartilage, surrounded by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid

synovial joint function

“form dicates function” they move the way you think they’ll move

Ligament connection

bone to bone

Ligament injury

Sprain

Ligament function

stabilizes joint, resist motion in specific directions (parallel fibers). not contractlie

what cells do ligaments contain

sensory cells; containing proprioceptors (feedback to the brain about movement)

connection of tendons

Bone to muscle

tendon injury

strain

tendon function

connect muscles to bones for movement. contractile

Dermatomes (nerves)

skin sensation areas

Myotomes (nerves)

Muscle groups innervated by a single spinal nerve root

Tome

Meaning slice