Cellular Respiration Flash Cards

Anabolic Reaction

a chemical reaction that uses energy to build substances used for cell activities (growth, maintenance, and repair)

Examples of anabolic reactions:

1. Photosynthesis
2. Muscle/bone growth
3. Condensation reactions

Catabolic Reaction

chemical reactions that break down substances and release energy

Examples of catabolic reactions:

1. Cellular Respiration
2. Digestion
3. Hydrolysis

Cellular Respiration

the process of breaking down organic molecules to make ATP

Enzyme

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Redox Reaction

reactions which electrons are transferred between molecules

e- always travel H+

Electron Acceptor

molecules that carry electrons

Matrix

space inside the inner membrane in the mitochondria

Cristae

folds of the inner membrane

Glycolysis

glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid

Transition Phase

breaks down pyruvic acid

Aerobic

with oxygen

Krebs Cycle

breaks down acetyl CoA to produce Co2, H+, and ATP

Electron Transport Train

a group of molecules found in a membrane that transfers electrons

Fermentation

glycolysis + anaerobic respiration

Purpose of Fermentation

to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can still occur

Anaerobic

without oxygen

2 Examples of Catabolic Reactions:

1. Cellular Respiration
2. Digestion

Function of ATP:

energy storing molecules, provides energy for all living things

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

5 Building Blocks of ATP:

1 adenine

1 ribose

3 phosphates

Draw symbol for ATP- label where energy is stored

A - P - P \~ P

high energy bond in \~

What process makes ATP and in what organelle?

in the mitochondria during cellular respiration

What does ADP stand for?

adenosine diphosphate

Write the equation for making ATP.

A - P - P + P + E → → A - P - P \~ P

What 3 things are needed to make ATP?

1. ADP
2. Phosphate
3. Energy

What three things are produced when ATP is broken down?

1. ADP
2. Phosphate
3. Energy

3 types of molecules that can be broken down to make ATP:

Which one is used the most?

Which one is used the least?

1. Carbs
2. Lipids
3. Proteins



Carbs are used the most

Proteins used the least

Write the equation for cellular respiration.

What two things are needed?

What three things are made?

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Needed- Sugar, oxygen

Made-CO2, water, energy

List the three stages of cellular respiration in order:

1. glycolysis
2. transition phase
3. aerobic respiration

Draw and label the structure of the mitochondria

Where does glycolysis happen?

the cytoplasm

Does glycolysis need oxygen to happen?

no

Does glycolysis use oxygen?

No

What molecule starts glycolysis?

glucose

What molecules ends during glycolysis?

pyruvic acid

Write out the 4 steps of glycolysis

1. Two phosphates attach to glucose
2. 6-C is split in two 3-C molecules (G3P)
3. Each G3P gets a phosphate
4. All phosphates are removed, forming pyruvic acid

End result of glycolysis

2 pyruvate

2 ATP

2 NADH

Where does the transition phase happen?

the matrix

Does the transition phase need oxygen?

yes

Does the transition phase use oxygen?

yes

What molecule starts the transition phase?

pyruvic acid

What molecules ends during the transition phase?

acetyl CoA

What is the end result of the transition phase?

process happens 2x:

\
2 Co2

2 NADH

2 acetyl CoA

What two steps make up aerobic respiration?

1. Krebs Cycle
2. Electron Transport Chain

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

matrix

Does the Krebs cycle need oxygen?

yes

Does the Krebs cycle use oxygen?

no

What molecule starts the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetic acid

What molecule ends during the Krebs cycle?

oxaloacetic acid

Write out the 5 steps of the Krebs cycle

1. Acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetic Acid to form citric acid
2. Citric acid is broken down to form a 5 carbon molecule
3. 5-C molecule is broken down to form a 4-C molecule
4. 4-C is changed into a new 4-C
5. The new 4-C is changed into oxaloacetic acid

What is the end result of the Krebs cycle?

4 Co2

2FADH2

2 ATP

6NADH

Where does the ETC happen?

cristae

Does the ETC need oxygen to happen?

yes

Does the ETC use oxygen

yes

Write the 6 steps of the ETC:

1. NADH drops off its electron to the ETC
2. FADH2 drops off its electrons to the ETC
3. The electrons are passed through the ETC
4. At the same time, hydrogens are brought outside the cristae
5. \*\* Hydrogen comes back in to the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, making ATP
6. Oxygen picks up electrons from the ETC and joins with Hydrogen to make water

What is the end result of the ETC?

34 ATP

6 water

Name the enzyme that is used to make ATP during the ETC:

ATP synthase

Explain why oxygen is important

* final electron acceptor
* without it, the ETC would become backed up with electrons + will not be able to move through the ETC molecules
* H+ ions cannot be released from NADH and FADH2- H+ cannot diffuse back into matrix
* No energy produced → cell death

Give two examples of electron acceptors

NAD+, FAD

How much ATP is made in glycolysis?

2

How much ATP is made in the transition phase?

0

How much ATP is made in the Krebs cycle?

2

How much ATP is made in the ETC?

34

How much ATP is made in aerobic respiration?

36

How much ATP is made in cellular respiration?

36

Why isn’t aerobic respiration 100% efficient in making energy?

it cannot happen without oxygen

What process happens if oxygen is not present after glycolysis?

fermentation will occur

What two processes make up fermentation?

glycolysis + anaerobic respiration

List the two main types of fermentation:

1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcoholic fermentation

Steps of lactic acid fermentation

1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process.
2. Two NADH molecules provide energy to convert pyruvate into lactic acid.
3. As the NADH is used, it is converted back into NAD+.
4. Two molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis.

Steps of alcoholic fermentation

1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter alcoholic fermentation.
2. Two NADH molecules provide energy to break down pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide.
3. As the NADH molecules are used, they are converted back into molecules of NAD+.
4. The molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis.
5. The recycling of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue.

What is the end result of lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid

NAD+

What is the end result of alcoholic fermentation?

Ethanol

Co2

NAD+

Give 2 every day examples of alcoholic fermentation

Alcoholic- process that makes bread, beer, and wine

Give 2 every day examples of lactic acid fermentation

Lactic Acid- dairy products, muscle cells during exercise