anthropology 2030 Mizzou exam 3

social stratification

structures that result from unequal access to and distribution of goods and services in a society

social differentiation

the relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige

social structure

results from differential access

positives of social strat

- provides structure and internal organization that makes stability possible

- economic and status rewards motivate people to engage in difficult but necessary work

negatives of social strat

- extreme forms of inequality can lead to oppression and denial of basic human rights

- social strat and inequality can be sources of conflict and instability

functionalist theory

social strat generally benefits the whole society, be rewarding people for working harder, taking risks, doing difficult jobs or spending more time in school

conflict theory

social strat results from constant struggle for scarce goods and services. some groups gain position and resources in struggle and some groups lose, resulting in stratification

-those w power maintain control over system of production

power

ability to control resources in their own interest

wealth

accumulation of material resources

prestige

social honor

ascribed status

based on factors outside ones control

- race, ethnicity, family, sex

achieved status

based on individual effort

- being a husband, a professor, a criminal

open strat system

based on achievement

closed strat system

based on ascription

caste system

strata are hierarchically ranked, based on birth

- movement between nearly impossible

- ascribed more important

- closed system

class system

strata form a continuum where social mobility between levels is possible with hard work

people all have same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power and prestige

- achievement more important

- open system

hindu caste system

4 varnas (castes), ranked according to ritual purity and by occupation

brahmins

priests, scholars

Kshatriyas

warriors

Vaishyas

merchants

shudras

workers and servants

caste system and functionalism

provides stable division of labor

people move up and down across lifetimes based on good/bad deeds

caste system and conflict theory

caste hierarchy results from conflict between social groups, the powerful enforce the status quo for their own advantage

religious ideology of rebirth is used to justify social oppression of those at the bottom

changes in caste system

distinctions becoming less defined

decoupled from occupations in large cities

caste endogamy is still common

colonial america

landowning families at top

artisans, shopkeepers, smallholders

indentured servants

slaves

american dream

people can move up in society with hard work

race

not a valid way to categorize people

sunlight exposure

more intense near equator, those living near equator have dark skin year round and high levels of vitamin D

zone 1 - equator

zone 2

zone 3 - the poles

heritability

the portion of the variance in a population that is attributed to genes

race in japan

10% of pop is minority groups

still an exclusive majority

assimilation is discouraged, keep minorities separate from majority especially in residential segregation and interracial marriages

race in US

mixed children are assigned the same race as their minority parent

one drop rule

the belief that "one drop" of black blood no matter how far back the ancestor makes a person black

hypodescent

A rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group.

race in brazil

less distinct racial classifications

use other factors like nose and eye shape, hair color and style, shape of lips

still whites, browns then blacks

US and Brazil race differences

slaves could buy freedom in BA

no laws against intermarriage

children of slaves could be freed in BA

race is a more fundamental divider in US

why these differences?

setters of US were white families

settlers of Brazil were merchant men who ended up marrying native Americans

Brazil plantation owners had sex w their slaves

ethnicity

perceived differences in culture, national origin, and historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in the same social environment

ethnicity in US

restrictive immigration laws gave preference to European immigrants from 1880s to 1920s

in 1965: changes in immigration laws led to increasing immigration from wide range of nations

assimilation model

immigrants should abandon traditions and adopt dominant culture

result in urban settlement housing, public schools and citizenship classes

melting pot model

immigrants will meld together to create a new American culture

happens in large cities

multiculturalism model

cultural diversity viewed as positive aspect of national identity

arose in response to swell of immigration in past 25-30 years

mutual understanding and acceptance of cultural differences

today in US

13 % pop born outside US

in 2011 for first time, minority groups made up majority of births for the year

post racial

positive: people can more easily navigate their identity, race not used to discriminate

negative: denying race as a social issue leads to refusal to take discrimination and racial stratification seriously despite empirical evidence

grey and the brown

aging white population

increasing minority youth

whites 80% of older Americans but less than 55% of children in US

religion

a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.

cosmology

system of beliefs that seeks to describe and explain the origin and structure fo the universe

functions of religion

provides meaning to lives of believers

provides guidelines for behavior (moral codes)

reduces anxiety and increases sense of control

preserves and reinforces a social system, creating a common identity through group rituals

myths and sacred narratives

stories of historical events, heroes, gods, spirits, and creation that members of a religious tradition hold to be holy and true

symbols

expressed in material objects or verbally

invoke religious meaning relating to god, story, event, idea

supernatural beings

invisible beings that exhibit form, personality, attitudes, and powers

animistic spirits, ancestor spirits, trickster spirits

human form, animal form, features of natural environment

but all forms have features similar to humans

religious ritual

a patterned act involving the manipulation of religious symbols

mana

religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects

rites of passage

public event marking transition from one social status to another

1. separation from community

2. liminal - when individual is outside status

3. reincorporation as new status

rites of intensification

directed toward the welfare of the community or group rather than an individual

reinforce values of community, strengthen group identity

prayer

any communications between people and spirits/gods

magic

attempts to direct or control supernatural forces through ritual

sacrifice

offerings to increase purity or efficacy of prayer

imitative

performance resembled the desired result ex: voodoo doll

contagious

things once in contact w a person or object retain an invisible connection

divination

ritual performed to find useful information from supernatural authority

shamans

part time religious practitioners, not recognized officials

ability to meditate between world of humans and gods

thought to be chosen by spirit world

priests

formally educated in religious duties and formally elected

meditate between gods and people

interpret words and signs of gods

perform rituals

withcraft

magical rituals intended to cause misfortune or inflict harm

sorcery

conscious manipulation of words and ritual objects with intent of magically causing harm or good

prophets

religious founds or who change religions

nativistic movement

seeks to restore what followers believe is the golden age of the past

vitalistic movement

looking toward a creation of a utopian future unlike the past

syncretism

merging of 2 or more religions

before ww1

blue for girls and pink for boys

columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world

goals of European expansion

1. christianize the world

2. Discover ancient wonders

3. getting wealthy through trade and conquest for self and country

developments aiding in expansion

1. improvements in vessels to cross ocean

- caravel and marine chronometer

2. rise of banking and merchant class

3. growing population wanted to go somewhere else

4. monoculture plantations

5. joint stock company

6. better immunity to diseases

7. technological prowess in metal workings and weapons

monoculture plantations

an agricultural plantation specializing in the large-scale production of a single crop to be sold on the market

make a profit

cotton and sugar in the US

sugar

began as a luxury good, medicinal use

joint stock compnay

financed and supported by governments and small private firms

dutch east India comp

british east India comp

allowed for rapid European expanstion

sell shares to public to raise capital

helped finance art, architecture, science and fueled industrial revolution

diseases

spread to Americans by europeans

mortality close to 90%

Europe and asia and disease

had better immunities because their massive land went from E to W. since land was so big, there were a lot of different people one could encounter while moving E too W. overtime pathogens that they were exposed to became less virulent. more contact w each other = higher immunity

also had domesticated animals, where many pathogens started

americas and disease

countries went N to S instead of E to W so as you moved S, the ecology of the land changed. With that, there were less people there in smaller populations so exposure to other people was low. so with lower exposure to other people meant weaker immunities to diseases

colonialism

active possession and politics dominion of a foreign territory

goal is to access raw materials and sale and processing

colonies

created when nations established and maintained political dominion over geographically separate areas and political units

slavery

African slavery and indentured servitude

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum and other manufactured goods to Africa

economic effects of colonialism

hugely profitable for slave and plantation owners

continuous warfare and impoverishment in areas where slaves were taken

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods

began in 19th century in Europe and north america

huge demand for raw materials

taxation

money needed to support colonial governemnts

vicious cycle of people working just to make money for taxes and not making money for themselves/families

forcing native subjects into market system

colonialism negatives

depleted the natural resources of disrupted ecological systems

cash cropping led to economic instability and pverty

disruption of indigenous political systems, reestablishment of colonial practices

lots of death through conflicts, abuse and disease

colonialism positives

court systems, government in place aided political stability and economic development

close trade labor relations with former colonial powers

development of infrastructure

world languages and education systems

trade

led to increased amount of weath

gains not shared equally

GNI

Gross National Income

measure of country's annual production

human capital

sum of total skills within an individual

more unique set of skills = higher compensation

inequality

set incentives for what people should be doing

globalization

1. increase in international flow of goods and services

2. world is becoming even more interdependent

benefits of trade

allows us to specialize

trade -> specialization -> productivity -> wealth

absolute advantage

the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

downsides of trade

disruptive and some will lose out

displaces workers and puts people out of work

when industries are concentrated in particular regions, entire communities get wiped out

poor countries

trade helps life out of poverty

more inequality, corruption and environment degradation

cheap labor and poor working conditions

rich countries

effective government institutions

property rights

no excessive regulation

human capital

- brain drain

geography

openness to trade

responsible fiscal and monetary policy

curse of natural resources in poor countries

democracy

women in power

development

establishment of international monetary fund and world bank

stabilize international financial system and provide loans and credit

modernization theory

predicts that non industrial societies will move in social and technological direction of industrial nations

all countries started out as underdeveloped but some made changes to develop and have wealth

poor countries become wealthy by copying the practices of wealthy nations