512 Mini-Exam 2 Review

Define this:

Directly into blood via major peripheral vein

Intravenous

Define this:

Directly into skeletal muscle

Intramuscular

Define this:

Directly into fatty tissue beneath the layers of the skin

Subcutaneous

Define this:

Directly into dermis or skin layer underneath the epidermis

Intradermal

What is the advantages for intravenous injections?

Unlimited volume, quickly, immediate response, bioavailability is 100%

What are the three types of intravenous?

IV Push, Intermittent, and continuous infusion

What are the common on four sites?

Posterior gluteal, deltoid, ventrogluteal, thigh

What are the two large volume parenteral (LVPs)?

Plastic bags and glass bottles

Define this:

Substance that arrests or prevents the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting their activity w/o necessarily destroying them

Antiseptic

Define this:

Anything that arrests or retards the growth of bacteria

Bacteriostat

Define this:

A substance that kills viruses

Viricide

Define this:

Particulate filter, retaining airborne particles and microorganisms while allowing gases to pass freely through

HEPA filter

Define this:

A device or room that provides an ISO class 5 environment for compounding CSPs

PEC (primary engineering controls)

What are the sterilization methods?

Dry heat, steam, aseptic, gas, radiation

What should compliance follow for manufacturing?

cGMP (section 501(a)(X2))

Define this:

A method to enhance the stability of drugs that are susceptible to hydrolysis

Lyophilization

What is appropriate route for parenteral dosage forms? (10)

IV, IM, SC, ID, IT, intra-arterial, IO, IP, intracardiac, epidural

What is the onset of action for IV?

Seconds to 1 minutes

What is the onset of action for IM (aqueous and emulsions)?

10 to 30 minutes

What is the onset of action for SC (aqueous)?

15 minutes to 1 hour

Define this:

Occurs when non-vesicant fluids or medications leak into the surrounding tissue instead of the vein

Infiltration

Define this:

Leakage of vesicants drug such as chemotherapy agents, dopamine, or certain antibiotics

Extravasation

What are the advantages for injectables dosages?

Controlled release, bioavailability, rapid therapeutic, ability to titrate

What types of injectable formulates does not have preservatives and buffers?

Large

What angle is IM given?

90

What angle is SQ given?

45

What angle is IV given?

25

What angle is ID given?

10 - 15

Define this:

Connects LVP to patient and controls tthe flow rate with a clamp and drip chamber

Gravity dri[

define this:

port that allows the attachment of a second infusion to the primary infusion line

Y site

Define this:

Removes large particles from LVP solutions before they reach patients

Inline filter

Why avoid injecting suspensions intravenously?

Embolism due to less size control

What two types of parental routes are delivered directly into the bloodstream for a rapid effect and carries a greater risk?

Intra-arterial and intracardiac

What is an example of an intradermal injection?

Tuberculosis skin test

Where are intra-articular injections given?

Into the synovial fluid

What has the highest Cmax for parental routes?

Intramuscular

What is the onset of action for IM (oily solutions)?

1 - 2 days

What is the onset of action for IM (suspensions)?

2 - 4 hours

What is the onset of action for SC (suspensions and implants)?

1 - 4 hours

What are the critical quality for injectables?

Purity, pH, osmolarity, chemical stability, container closure integrity