Anatomy - Skeletal System

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70 Terms

1

What?

Bones, Cartilage, and Joints

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2

How?

provides support for muscle attachment

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3

Why?

Protection, Anchor Skeletal muscles/movement, Stores minerals (Ca, Mg, B, P, hormones, fat), Produces blood cells (hematopoesis)

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4

Axial

cranium, vertebral column, ribs/ for protection

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5

Appendicular

upper and lower limbs/ movement

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6

Compact Bone

dense bone, homogenous, looks smooth

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7

Spongy Bone

spiky, porous, sponge/large openings and space

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8

Long Bones

longer than they are wide, mainly compact bone; the ends are spongy bone, all bones of limbs except carpals, tarsals, and patella

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9

Flat bones

thin, flattened, usually curved

ex. cranium, ribs, sternum

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10

Short Bones

cube shaped bones, wider than they are tall, mostly spongy, other layer is compact

ex carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bone (patella; held in place by tendons)

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11

Irregular Bones

vertebrae, mostly spongy with outer layer of compact bone

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12

Articular Cartilage

protects bones from rubbing against each other (could cause arthritis)

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13

Red Bone Marrow

produces red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets

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14

Periosteum

layer of connective tissue covers the long bone to protect, filled with blood vessels

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15

Epiphysis

ends of the long bone

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16

Diaphysis

middle of the long bone

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17

Hyaline Cartilage

forms the epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis, stops growing at ages 18-23

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18

Medullary Cavity

lined with connective tissue called endosteum

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19

Yellow Bone Marrow

stores nutrients, all adipose tissue, can produce red blood cells only from trauma

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20

Nutrient Foramen

opening for the blood vessels to go into the bone

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21

Osteo

“bone”

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22

Gen

“to produce”

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23

Cyte

“cell”

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24

Blast

“bud/sprout”

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25

Clast

“to break”

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26

Chond

“cartilage”

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27

Peri

“surrounding”

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28

Endo

“inside”

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29

Osteogenic Cells

stem cells, found within the periosteum and endosteum, the ONLY miotic bone cell

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30

Osteoblack

bone builders, bone cells that create the bone matrix, trapped within the matrix they build, found in the periosteum and epiphyseal plate

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31

Osteoid

bone matrix

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32

Osteocyte

mature bone cells, found within the compact and spongy bone, perform daily activities

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33

Osteoclast

break down bone/clean away bone, found within the periosteum and the endosteum, fractured normal bone growth and repair, acts from the medullary cavity

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34

Activation

pre-osteoclast are attached to the activation/remodeling site, pre-osteoclasts combine to form multinucleated osteoclasts

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35

Resorption

osteoclast break down bone to form the resorption pit, calcium is released back into the bloodstream

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36

Reversal Phase

stem cells produce pre-osteoblacts, go and line the resorption pit, differentiate into osteoblacts, proliferate

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37

Formation

mature osteoblasts in the resorption pit, build osteoid, bone matrix becomes mineralized

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38

Quiescence

osteocytes perform normal functions (dormant phase)

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39

Joint

bone to bone (articulations)

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40

Fibrous

  • fibrous tissue in between

  • immovable

  • cranial sutures

  • teeth → peg and socket

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41

Cartilagenous

  • made of cartilage

  • synchondroses → synarthroses

    • hyaline

  • symphysis → amphiarthroses

    • some slight mobility

    • pubic symphysis

    • b/w vertebrae

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42

Synovial

long bone, most mobility

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43

Synarthroses

immovable, all fibrous joins, synchondroses

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44

Amphiarthroses

all symphysis

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45

Diarthroses

mobile, all synovial

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46

Hinge

bend and straighten

ex. knees, elbows, fingers

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47

Pivot

180 degree rotation

ex. top of vertebrae, ulna and radius

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48

Saddle

bend or flex; side to side

ex. phalanges to metacarpal

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49

Condyloid

bend and straighten; side to side

ex. opposition - touch fingers to thumb

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50

Plane

short bones slide and glide past each other

ex. carpals and tarsals

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51

Ball and Socket

most movement

ex. shoulder and hips

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52

Flexion

bend

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53

Extension

straighten

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54

Hyperextension

straighten over 108 degrees

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55

Dorsiflexion

toes up

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56

Plantarflexion

tippie toes

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57

Abduction

arms up

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58

Adduction

arms down

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59

Circumduction

spin arms/legs in 360 from shoulder/hip

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60

Rotation

radius/ulna

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61

Lateral Rotation

head look out/laterally

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62

Medial Rotation

head looks in/medially

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63

Supination

palms faced forward

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64

Pronation

palms faced outward

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65

Eversion

big toe to ground

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66

Inversion

pinkie to ground

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67

Protraction

jaw out/tongue out/head out

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68

Retraction

put head/tongue/jaw back in place

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69

Elevation

shoulders up

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70

Depression

shoulders down

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