Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What?
Bones, Cartilage, and Joints
How?
provides support for muscle attachment
Why?
Protection, Anchor Skeletal muscles/movement, Stores minerals (Ca, Mg, B, P, hormones, fat), Produces blood cells (hematopoesis)
Axial
cranium, vertebral column, ribs/ for protection
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs/ movement
Compact Bone
dense bone, homogenous, looks smooth
Spongy Bone
spiky, porous, sponge/large openings and space
Long Bones
longer than they are wide, mainly compact bone; the ends are spongy bone, all bones of limbs except carpals, tarsals, and patella
Flat bones
thin, flattened, usually curved
ex. cranium, ribs, sternum
Short Bones
cube shaped bones, wider than they are tall, mostly spongy, other layer is compact
ex carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bone (patella; held in place by tendons)
Irregular Bones
vertebrae, mostly spongy with outer layer of compact bone
Articular Cartilage
protects bones from rubbing against each other (could cause arthritis)
Red Bone Marrow
produces red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets
Periosteum
layer of connective tissue covers the long bone to protect, filled with blood vessels
Epiphysis
ends of the long bone
Diaphysis
middle of the long bone
Hyaline Cartilage
forms the epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis, stops growing at ages 18-23
Medullary Cavity
lined with connective tissue called endosteum
Yellow Bone Marrow
stores nutrients, all adipose tissue, can produce red blood cells only from trauma
Nutrient Foramen
opening for the blood vessels to go into the bone
Osteo
“bone”
Gen
“to produce”
Cyte
“cell”
Blast
“bud/sprout”
Clast
“to break”
Chond
“cartilage”
Peri
“surrounding”
Endo
“inside”
Osteogenic Cells
stem cells, found within the periosteum and endosteum, the ONLY miotic bone cell
Osteoblack
bone builders, bone cells that create the bone matrix, trapped within the matrix they build, found in the periosteum and epiphyseal plate
Osteoid
bone matrix
Osteocyte
mature bone cells, found within the compact and spongy bone, perform daily activities
Osteoclast
break down bone/clean away bone, found within the periosteum and the endosteum, fractured normal bone growth and repair, acts from the medullary cavity
Activation
pre-osteoclast are attached to the activation/remodeling site, pre-osteoclasts combine to form multinucleated osteoclasts
Resorption
osteoclast break down bone to form the resorption pit, calcium is released back into the bloodstream
Reversal Phase
stem cells produce pre-osteoblacts, go and line the resorption pit, differentiate into osteoblacts, proliferate
Formation
mature osteoblasts in the resorption pit, build osteoid, bone matrix becomes mineralized
Quiescence
osteocytes perform normal functions (dormant phase)
Joint
bone to bone (articulations)
Fibrous
fibrous tissue in between
immovable
cranial sutures
teeth → peg and socket
Cartilagenous
made of cartilage
synchondroses → synarthroses
hyaline
symphysis → amphiarthroses
some slight mobility
pubic symphysis
b/w vertebrae
Synovial
long bone, most mobility
Synarthroses
immovable, all fibrous joins, synchondroses
Amphiarthroses
all symphysis
Diarthroses
mobile, all synovial
Hinge
bend and straighten
ex. knees, elbows, fingers
Pivot
180 degree rotation
ex. top of vertebrae, ulna and radius
Saddle
bend or flex; side to side
ex. phalanges to metacarpal
Condyloid
bend and straighten; side to side
ex. opposition - touch fingers to thumb
Plane
short bones slide and glide past each other
ex. carpals and tarsals
Ball and Socket
most movement
ex. shoulder and hips
Flexion
bend
Extension
straighten
Hyperextension
straighten over 108 degrees
Dorsiflexion
toes up
Plantarflexion
tippie toes
Abduction
arms up
Adduction
arms down
Circumduction
spin arms/legs in 360 from shoulder/hip
Rotation
radius/ulna
Lateral Rotation
head look out/laterally
Medial Rotation
head looks in/medially
Supination
palms faced forward
Pronation
palms faced outward
Eversion
big toe to ground
Inversion
pinkie to ground
Protraction
jaw out/tongue out/head out
Retraction
put head/tongue/jaw back in place
Elevation
shoulders up
Depression
shoulders down