Anatomy - Skeletal System

What?

Bones, Cartilage, and Joints

How?

provides support for muscle attachment

Why?

Protection, Anchor Skeletal muscles/movement, Stores minerals (Ca, Mg, B, P, hormones, fat), Produces blood cells (hematopoesis)

Axial

cranium, vertebral column, ribs/ for protection

Appendicular

upper and lower limbs/ movement

Compact Bone

dense bone, homogenous, looks smooth

Spongy Bone

spiky, porous, sponge/large openings and space

Long Bones

longer than they are wide, mainly compact bone; the ends are spongy bone, all bones of limbs except carpals, tarsals, and patella

Flat bones

thin, flattened, usually curved

ex. cranium, ribs, sternum

Short Bones

cube shaped bones, wider than they are tall, mostly spongy, other layer is compact

ex carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bone (patella; held in place by tendons)

Irregular Bones

vertebrae, mostly spongy with outer layer of compact bone

Articular Cartilage

protects bones from rubbing against each other (could cause arthritis)

Red Bone Marrow

produces red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets

Periosteum

layer of connective tissue covers the long bone to protect, filled with blood vessels

Epiphysis

ends of the long bone

Diaphysis

middle of the long bone

Hyaline Cartilage

forms the epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis, stops growing at ages 18-23

Medullary Cavity

lined with connective tissue called endosteum

Yellow Bone Marrow

stores nutrients, all adipose tissue, can produce red blood cells only from trauma

Nutrient Foramen

opening for the blood vessels to go into the bone

Osteo

“bone”

Gen

“to produce”

Cyte

“cell”

Blast

“bud/sprout”

Clast

“to break”

Chond

“cartilage”

Peri

“surrounding”

Endo

“inside”

Osteogenic Cells

stem cells, found within the periosteum and endosteum, the ONLY miotic bone cell

Osteoblack

bone builders, bone cells that create the bone matrix, trapped within the matrix they build, found in the periosteum and epiphyseal plate

Osteoid

bone matrix

Osteocyte

mature bone cells, found within the compact and spongy bone, perform daily activities

Osteoclast

break down bone/clean away bone, found within the periosteum and the endosteum, fractured normal bone growth and repair, acts from the medullary cavity

Activation

pre-osteoclast are attached to the activation/remodeling site, pre-osteoclasts combine to form multinucleated osteoclasts

Resorption

osteoclast break down bone to form the resorption pit, calcium is released back into the bloodstream

Reversal Phase

stem cells produce pre-osteoblacts, go and line the resorption pit, differentiate into osteoblacts, proliferate

Formation

mature osteoblasts in the resorption pit, build osteoid, bone matrix becomes mineralized

Quiescence

osteocytes perform normal functions (dormant phase)

Joint

bone to bone (articulations)

Fibrous

• fibrous tissue in between

• immovable

• cranial sutures

• teeth → peg and socket

Cartilagenous

• made of cartilage

• synchondroses → synarthroses

  • hyaline

• symphysis → amphiarthroses

  • some slight mobility

  • pubic symphysis

  • b/w vertebrae

Synovial

long bone, most mobility

Synarthroses

immovable, all fibrous joins, synchondroses

Amphiarthroses

all symphysis

Diarthroses

mobile, all synovial

Hinge

bend and straighten

ex. knees, elbows, fingers

Pivot

180 degree rotation

ex. top of vertebrae, ulna and radius

Saddle

bend or flex; side to side

ex. phalanges to metacarpal

Condyloid

bend and straighten; side to side

ex. opposition - touch fingers to thumb

Plane

short bones slide and glide past each other

ex. carpals and tarsals

Ball and Socket

most movement

ex. shoulder and hips

Flexion

bend

Extension

straighten

Hyperextension

straighten over 108 degrees

Dorsiflexion

toes up

Plantarflexion

tippie toes

Abduction

arms up

Adduction

arms down

Circumduction

spin arms/legs in 360 from shoulder/hip

Rotation

radius/ulna

Lateral Rotation

head look out/laterally

Medial Rotation

head looks in/medially

Supination

palms faced forward

Pronation

palms faced outward

Eversion

big toe to ground

Inversion

pinkie to ground

Protraction

jaw out/tongue out/head out

Retraction

put head/tongue/jaw back in place

Elevation

shoulders up

Depression

shoulders down