Unit 2- Short Answer (Mftm)

Characteristics of European music

1. harmonies in 1-4-5 form

2. instruments included washboards, kazoos, and homemade strings

Characteristics of african music

1. Flexibility in rhythm, pitch, and sound color

2. Includes improvisational instinct

3. has small music patterns played repeatedly with variation

4. everyone can join and simple parts join together to build a complex structure

Main fields of innovation for blues

1. Geogia

2. Alabama

3. Mississippi

4. Louisiana

5. Texas

Chicago blues from 1930s

1. consolidation of the genre

2. when the piano found it’s way to jazz, connecting the blues to other genres

3. first influence to swing bands, jazz, country, and the emerging rock and roll

The electric guitar

1. groundbreaking innovation in the 40s and 50s

2. new range of timbres

3. opened gateways to rock and roll and western pop music genres in general

Jazz

1. originated around the beginning of the 20th century

2. a mixture of Afro-American contemporary music, European harmony and form, plus African roots

3 line form

Improvisation

1. A common element in early Afro-American folk

2. follows a call-and-response pattern

3. interactions between instrumentalists with a competitive approach sometimes

The jazz drum

1. percussion instruments were banned by slave owners

2. later black people began to play in marching bands

3. they took out-of-use marching band bass and snare drums which originally needed separate parts and people to walk

4. so a unique percussion set was created, the drum kit

1910s New Orleans

1. played a key role in the evolution of jazz

2. marching band instruments become initial jazz instruments (drum set, brass, guitar)

3. musicians start to organize tours to western and northern US cities

1930s Swing

1. had the iconic rhythmic patter of jazz music

2. musically: the simplified version of ragtime

3. had a golden period in the 1920s and 30s

4. later accompanies dance events and the recognition of the black community became better through their innovation and music

1950s Bebop

1. new performers shifted swing from dance music to a pure artistic endeavor

2. culturally, we played music for your entertainment, bebop was a protest to show innovations, intelligence”

1970s fusion

miles Davis emerges as a key figure in modern jazz and invents several new styles

1980’s: the jazz-rock generation

era that included innovation in piano/keyboard,guitar and bass guitar

Soul to the world

1. in 1968, Time magazine used the word Soul for the first time

2. in Mo1969 Billboard introduces the Soul music chart

Detroit

1. Motown records’ name is derived from the Detroit nickname “Motor town”

2. played on important role in the techno freestyle rap and neo-soul style (the last 2 forming in the early 21st century)

The Dozens

1. started as a competitive verbal game

2. formed when slaves that couldn't be sold went back in forth in competitive way using linguistics as a way to defeat their opponents

3. uses the call and response patterns of African + African American religious ceremonies

Rap styles

1. MTV-friendly pop rap

2. Positivism, criticism

3. Funk and Gangsta rap

4. Edutainment rap

5. Black muslim inspired ethical rap

Hispanic contribution to US music

1. vibrant rhythms (son, rumba, salsa etc.)

2. dance forms instruments (mainly percussions like conga, bongo, timbales)

3. greatly influenced popular music, especially Afro American jazz and dance forms since WW 2

Puerto Rican Influences

Great influence on North America popular music industry, radio , and cinema since the early 20th century

2 main contributions:

1. mainstream pop/dance styles

2. Classical Music

Cuban

1. culture from which dance music with international popularity from the 70s (like salsa and rumba) come from

2. introduces an entire new set of percussion instruments: congas, bongos, claves, and guiro

Samba

1. by the 1930s had become a national phenomenon and cut across class-drawn barriers

2. Has elements tracing back to African origins, specifically bantu

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro

1. ex-slaves in the state of Bahia brought their dance/music culture and it fused with such urban styles as the polka or the habanera

2. from early 1900’s, blacks, mulattoes danced down the streets to the rhythm of drums, singing call and response patterns

3. Soon the samba became extremely popular among the lower-class inhabitants of Rio

4. was made official in 1934

Brazil in the 50s

1. New democratic government that had industrialization/ urbanization dreams

2. Beginning of a national positive time in Brazil and searched for a music style that suited this new self image:

Capoeira

1. ex-slaves of the region cherished hidden dance and music traditions

2. game fight practiced by slaves during resting periods – a sort of martial art with subtle choreographic movements and rules

3. musical repertoire of songs and rhythms

4. main instruments: musical bow (berimbau de barriga), tambourine (pandeiro)