Reproduction, Gregnancy, and Karyotyping

Allant-

Sausage

Chrorio-

Skin

Cleav-

To divide

Lacun-

Pod

Moril-

Mulberry

Nat-

To be born

Sen-

Older, elder

Troph-

Well fed

Umbil-

Navel

Andr-

Man

Ejacul-

To shoot

Fimb-

Fringe

Follic-

Small bag

-genesis

Origin

Labi-

Lip

Mens-

Month

Mons-

An eminence

Puber-

Adult

Spermatogenesis

Occurs in seminiferous tubules, begins during puberty as FSH rises, and produces 4 sperm per spermatocyte

Spermatogonium

Starting cell in spermatogenesis

Primary Spermatocyte

Resulting cell from spermatogonium after mitosis

Secondary Spermatocyte

Resulting cell after first meiotic division from primary spermatocyte

Spermatid

Resulting cell from second meiotic division from secondary spermatocyte. Develops into mature sperm

Oogenesis

Occurs within follicles in ovaries, begins before birth, continues during puberty, ceases at menopause, and produces 1 ovum per primary oocyte

Oogonium

Starting cell in oogenesis

Primary Oocyte

Resulting cell from mitosis of oogonium

Secondary Oocyte

Resulting cell of first meiotic division from primary oocyte

Ootid

Resulting cell of second meiotic division from secondary Oocyte. Develops into a mature ovum.

Polar Bodies

Extra little cytoplasm bodies from oogenesis

Functions of male reproductive system

Produce sperm, store & sustain sperm, deliver semen, and produce hormones

Scrotum

Holds testes for temp control

Testis

Produce sperm & testosterone

Epididymis

Stores sperm

Vas defrens

Transports sperm

Cowper’s gland

Secretes lubricating fluid

Rectum

Stores feces

Seminal Vesicles

Secretes nutrient rich fluid

Urinary Bladder

Stores Urine

Prostate

Secretes buffering fluid

Urethra

Transports urine and sperm for men

Penis

Delivers sperm

Seminiferous Tubules

Tubes in testis, site of spermatogenesis

Interstitial cells

Produce testosterone

FSH (Male)

Pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis

ICSH

Pituitary hormone that stimulates testosterone production by interstitial cells

Testosterone

Male hormone produced by interstitial cells that brings about secondary sex characteristics

Male secondary sex characteristics

Deep voice, body hair, increased muscle and bone mass

Negative Feedback in male hormone

LH goes up, testosterone goes up, testosterone causes LH to go down, testosterone down, LH goes up, repeat

Female reproductive functions

Produce ova by oogenesis, site for internal development, store ova, provide site for fertilization, accomplish delivery, and produce hormones

Ovary

Produces ova and the hormones estrogen + progesterone

Oviduct

Site of fertilization

Uterus

Site development

Vagina

Serves as birth canal

Cervix

Opening of the uterus

Ovarian cycle Day 1-Day 7

Primary oocyte is surrounded by primary follicles. The follicles grow as FSH rises. Thecal cells surround follicles.

Ovarian cycle Day 7-Day 14

Oocyte matures and follicles continue to grow as FSH continues to rise. Estrogen is released by the ovary. Follicular fluid begins to build up in the follicle area.

Ovarian cycle Day 14- Day 21

LH is released inducing ovulation. The secondary oocyte is released surrounded by corona radiata. What’s left releases more estrogen and progesterone.

Ovarian cycle Day 21-Day 28

Courpus luteum forms from what’s left from follicles, eventually becomes corpus albicans which is permanent scar tissue on the ovary

FSH (female)

Pituitary hormone that stimulates follicle growth and maturation

LH

Pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation and formulation of corpus luteum

Estrogen

Ovarian hormone that brings about and maintains female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

Ovarian hormone that maintains the endometrium and inhibits unterine contractions

Female secondary sex characteristics

Enlarged breasts, widened pelvis, development of mammary glands and ducts, and increased fat reserves

Menstruation Day 28-4

Due to no fertilization or implantation, progesterone plummets and the uterine lining is shed

Follicle stage days 5-14

Rising FSH & LH levels stimulate maturation of follicles

Ovulation day 14

LH surge on day 13 causes follicle rupture releasing secondary oocyte into oviduct

Corpus Luteum day 15-28

LH maintains corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone remain high, and uterine lining thickness is maintained.

Growth

Any increase in size or number of cells

Development

Series of changes that occur from conception to death

Prenatal period

Before birth

Postnatal period

After birth

During fertilization

Sperm releases enzymes from the acrosome, penetrates the cornone radiata and zona pellicuda, cross the membrane, lose its tail, and release its nucleus. The secondary oocyte undergoes secondary meiotic division, two haploid nuclei join, and a diploid zygote forms.

Cleavage

Series of mitotic divisions following fertilization. Zygote, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8 cell, morula, and blastocyst.

Implantation

Blastocyst implants into the uterine lining

HCG

Hormone that prevents menstruation after implantation, stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone, suppresses LH, is produced for 50-60 days, and is basis for pregnancy tests

Features of embryo

Amnion houses embryo, amniotic fluid surrounds embryo in amnion, yolk sac provides nutrients to embryo, chorion membrane encloses, chorionic villi surround chorion, endometrium surrounds villi, and connecting stalk forms which will become placenta

Fetus

Typically dubbed at week 8, external features are human like, internal organ systems are present, and it’s fully dependent on the placenta

Estrogen & progesterone

Later secreted by placenta, suppress FSH & LH, maintain endometrium, stimulates development of mammary glands, and inhibits uterine contractions

Fetal structure

Placenta, umbilical cord, chorion, amnion, mucus plug, and amniotic fluid

Physical changes during pregnancy

Visceral organs are displaced, frequent urination, constipation, discomfort, lumbar curvature causes back aches, pelvic ligaments & public symphysis relax, and increased caloric needs

Oxytocin

Secreted due to uterine contractions, and stimulates more contractions

1st stage of labor

Cervix is dilated and effaced, and contractions become more frequent and intense

2nd stage of labor

Infant passes through the birth canal

3rd stage of labor

Placenta peels from endometrium and is passed through the birth canal

Autosomal

Any gene carried on non-sex chromosome

Sex-Linked

Any gene carried on X chromosome

Holandric

Any gene carried on the Y chromosome

Dominant

Trait that masks effects of other trait

Recessive

Trait that can be masked by another trait

Codominant

2 different alleles expressed equally

Gene

Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait

Allele

Any alternate version of a gene

Heterozygous

Two differing alleles for one trait

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles for a particular trait

Genotye

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Expressed trait