Functional Groups and Biological Macromolecules

Flashcards covering core functional groups and biological macromolecules based on lecture notes.

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group with the chemical formula $\text{-OH}$ that is polar.

Amino Group

A functional group with the chemical formula $\text{-NH}_2$ that possesses basic properties.

Carboxyl Group

A functional group with the chemical formula $\text{-COOH}$ that exhibits acidic and polar properties.

Phosphate Group

A functional group with the chemical formula $\text{-OPO}_3^{2-}$ that has a negative charge.

Methyl Group

A functional group with the chemical formula $\text{-CH}_3$ that is non-polar.

Carbohydrates

Biological macromolecules made of monosaccharide monomers connected by glycosidic linkages, with examples including cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

Lipids

Biological macromolecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol held together by ester linkages, with examples including fats, oils, and phospholipids.

Proteins

Biological macromolecules made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds, with examples including enzymes and structural filaments.

Nucleic Acids

Biological macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers connected by phosphodiester bonds, with examples including DNA and RNA.

Glycosidic Linkage

The key covalent bond that links monosaccharide monomers together to form carbohydrates.

Ester Linkage

The key covalent bond connecting fatty acids and glycerol in lipid molecules.

Peptide Bond

The key covalent bond that joins amino acid monomers together to build proteins.

Phosphodiester Bond

The key covalent linkage connecting nucleotide monomers in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.