Psych 151- Exam Study C5 Part 1-3

Finals Review

Nature vs Nurture

explores the extent to which human behaviors, traits, and development are shaped by genetic inheritance (nature) versus environmental influences and experiences (nurture).

Continuity vs Stages

If human development is gradual and continuous, and which parts change parts change abruptly

Stability and Change

On which traits persist through life and which traits change over time.

Longitudinal Studies

  This type of approach lasts for a long period but is a limited one-at-a-time case study

Cross-Sectional Studies

This type of approach is like a snowball or group picking that varies by age

Conception

When an egg and sperm cell reunite and become a zygote they form the first base of life.

Germinal Stage

Weeks 1 to 2 where the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.

Embryonic Stage

Week 2 until weeks when major organs and structures of the baby will develop

Fetal Stage

Development continues until 8 weeks when lengths and weight increase and organs become fully functional.

FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)

Caused by a pregnant woman’s

Heavy drinking affects physical and mental abnormalities.

In severe cases, it results in small, out-of-proportion heads & abnormal facial facilities

Teratogen

An agent, such as a chemical or virus that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm.

Automatic Reflex Response, Indications, Associations, Learning, etc.

Capabilities and Holistic Development of a newborn

Infantile Amnesia

Stage where a lot of people forget their memories as a baby because they cannot fully process or register memories

Motor Skills

Muscles Mature and NS develop primarily universally sequential but not in timing

 Independent variable

A factor that is manipulated and the variable whose effect is being studied

Dependent variable

Factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

 Confounding variable

Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

Schemas (Piaget’s Theory)

Mental structures that help individuals organize and interpret information/ building blocks of knowledge

Sensorimotor Stage

Tools indicated for thinking and reasoning with development like adaptations, assimilation and accommodation

Object Permanence

Developing awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

  Preoperational Stage

Where children learn to use language but are yet to perform thermal operations of concrete logic, their conservation is still underdeveloped, and they display egocentrism. They are on the stage where the time they do pretend play like playing house.

Conservation

Refers to the child’s understanding that the properties of objects, such as quantity, volume, or mass, remain the same even when their appearance changes, so long as no additional objects are added or removed.

Egocentrism

Difficulty in perceiving things from another’s point of view

 Theory of mind

The ability to read/ predict the mental state of others

Concrete Operational Stage

Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, conservation, and math transformation.

Formal Operational Stage

Reasoning Abstractly, Potential for mature moral reasoning

Social-Cognitive (Lev Vygotsky’s Theory)

Children's cognitive growth is influenced by social interactions & cultural tools.

Attachment

emotional ties with a person like comfort and closeness

Stranger Anxiety

Displayed when separated from caregivers and as soon as they develop object permanence

Familiarity

-A key to attachment undermining critical period and imprinting

Critical Period

When a baby is exposed to certain stimuli and or experiences, produces normal development

Imprinting

Strong attachment especially to their mothers during the early stages in life.

Strange Situation Experiment (Mary Ainsworth)

The research procedure explored a child’s behaviour at separation, during reunion, and engagement with strangers or anyone they never knew before.

Secure Attachment

Shows distress when separated from their caregiver, comforted when reunited and avoid strangers unless caregiver is present.

Ambivalent (Insecure) Attachment

Show intense distress when separated, not easily comforted upon reunion; may resist comfort & remain distressed. Have fear or uncertainty towards strangers

Avoidant (Insecure) Attachment

Children show little emotion when separated and do not seek much comfort or contact with the caregiver upon reunion, may ignore or avoid the caregiver as well as a preference between caregiver and stranger.

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Stages Theory

Framework for understanding the development of moral reasoning in individuals.

Pre-conventional Morality

Obedience and Punishment as avoiding Punishment, Individualism, and Exchange as moral decisions based on self-interest and rewards in Children under 9 years old.

Conventional Morality

Good Interpersonal Relationships are based on social approval and maintaining relationships, and Maintaining Social Order based on upholding laws and social rules in early adolescence.

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages of Social Development

A framework that describes the impact of social experiences across an individual's lifespan