EXAM #3 INFOMATION

True or false? In regular aerobic exercisers, the baroreceptor reflex resets to a higher mean arterial pressure before the person starts exercising

True

True or false? The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.

False

What organ produces erythropoietin?

kidney

Where is iron primarily stored in the body?

liver

What organ is the primary destroyer of damaged red blood cells in normal individuals?

spleen

Increasing heart rate would tend to...

-decrease pulse pressure
-increase diastolic pressure

During intense aerobic exercise diastolic pressure...

decrease

During intense muscle contraction total peripheral resistance...

increases

The resetting of the baroreceptors during exercise is due too...

central command

True or false? Most of the iron is making new red blood cells come directly from the diet.

False

True or false? Free iron is damaging to cells.

True

True or false? Von willebrand factor is normally found in the blood

True

Increasing total peripheral resistance would tend to..

increase diastolic pressure

Increasing the stroke volume would tend to..

-increase diastolic pressure
-increase pulse pressure

What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle?

tidal volume

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the

inspiratory reserve volume.

How is the vital capacity calculated?

expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the statements correctly describes the vital capacity?

All the air that can be exhaled after a full inhalation.

Which of the following would be a normal resting respiratory rate in an adult?

15 breaths per minute

A person should be able to hold their breath the longest after

five deep breathing movements followed by a deep inspiration

A person should be able to hold their breath for the shortest amount of time after

a deep expiration

The primary stimulus that tells you you need to breath again after holding your breath is

high blood carbon dioxide

You can inspire quicker through your mouth than through your nose because ____________________ is lower through your mouth.

resistance

True or false? slides wet with pure water are easier to pull apart compared to dry slides.

False, water is sticky

Most of the clotting factors in the blood are produced by

the liver

Which vitamin was mentioned in the videos as being required to produce the clotting factors.

vitamin K

Which of the following can be found in circulation? (select all that apply)

-tissue factor pathways inhibitor
-antithrombin III
-protein C

Which of the following are found on the surface of endothelial cells? (select all that apply)

heparin and thrombomodulin

True or false? Clots form around platelet plugs/

True

True or false? Factor VIIa must bind to platelets to be active

False

True or false? If blood calcium levels are below normal, blood clotting will be limited.

False

Which pathways usually starts the clotting cascade in the body?

Extrinsic pathway

More thrombin in made using the...

intrinsic pathway

Vitamin K is...

fat soluble

If transpulmonary pressure increases the volume of the lung would tend to

increase

What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?

cardiac output

Increasing the volume of a sealed container of air _______________ the pressure in that container.

decreases

Approximately how much can minute ventilation increase over resting levels with heavy exercise?

20-fold

The intraplueral pressure tends to

Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung

A negative air flow occurs with..

inspiration

At end-inspiration, the angle of the ribs is more ___ compared to end-expiration

upwards of

In normal breathing the intrapleural pressure is..

always negative

If pulmonary compliance is higher than normal, it is harder to

exhale

If pulmonary compliance is lower than normal, it is harder to

inhale

Which receptor for epinephrine is on bronchiolar smooth muscle?

beta-2 adrenergic receptors

At rest, during expiration (select all that apply)

none of these muscles contract more

During forced expiration (select all that apply)

-The abdominal muscles contract more
-The internal intercostal muscles contract more

Surfactant...

increases pulmonary compliance

Without surfactant...

only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration

Bronchioles are larger during...

inspiration

Which of the following would be defined as hyperventilation? (select all that apply)

-an arterial Pco2 of 35 mmHg
-an arterial Pco2 of 30 mmHg

During exercise (select all that apply)

-Venous Po2 is lower than at rest
-Venous Pco2 is higher than at rest

Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the highest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be

Bound to hemoglobin

Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the lowest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be

Dissolved in the blood

Which would have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation?

Doubling the tidal volume

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a meaure of...

The concentration of oxygen in the blood

Increasing altitude would directly tend too...

Decrease alveolar Po2

Increasing metabolism would tend to..

-decrease alveolar Po2
-increase alveolar Pco2

True or false? As blood flows through the last half of a pulmonary capillary at rest, it does not receive any oxygen from the alveolus.

True

A decrease in oxygen concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them too..

vasoconstrict

A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to...

Pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide

A decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them too...

bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration

A decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in bronchioles causes them to...

bronchoconstrict

True or false? Decreasing the arterial Po2 from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg results in a 40% decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood/

False

Where is most of the iron in your body?

In red blood cells

About how long does a red blood cell stay in criculation?

120 days

What is the normal red blood cell turnover (As a percent of total circulating red blood cells)?

1% per day

What is the single most common protein in the blood?

Fibrinogen

Other than fatigue, what other factor would prevent you from holding a very heavy weight up for very long?

Block blood flow (decreased o2 and increased metabolites)

What does desquamation mean?

Normal loss of epithelial cells

What word refers to the development of red blood cells, and where in the body does this process occur?

Erythropoiesis in Bone Marrow

What 3 factors were mentioned as contributing to arterial diastolic pressure?

-Total peripheral resistance
-heart rate
-systolic pressure

What 4 factors during aerobic exercise contribute to the increase in venous return?

-skeletal muscle pump
-respiratory pump
-sympathetic activity to veins
-increased blood flow from dilated arteries

What two types of receptors are activated during exercise that sends inputs into the medulla oblongata? What do each receptor type detect during exercise?

Mechanoreceptors: muscle contraction
Chemoreceptor: metabolites and decreased o2

Describe the shape of a human red blood cell.

Biconcave discs

What is the advantage of not having a nucleus if you are a red blood cell?

-increase surface area
-easily foldable
-more room for hemoglobin

In which ways can iron normally leave the body?

-desquamation
-menstrual blood

What 2 vitamins are needed to make DNA? These vitamins are needed to make which nucleotide in DNA? Which of these vitamins can only be found in animal products?

-folic acid
-vitamin B12 (only in animal products)
-needed to make thymine

What hormone is needed to make red blood cells? What is the primary stimulus for its production?

-erythropoietin stimulated by decreased oxygen delivering to kidney

What is hemostasis?

Stopping blood loss and maintain blood flow

What are the three steps of hemostasis in order?

-vasoconstriction with contact sickiness
-platelet plug
-blood clotting

Other than thromboxane A2, which other chemical can be secreted by activated platelets and what is this effect?

Serotonin- Vasodilation

Flow chart for formation of the platelet plug

1) Collagen exposed
2) Von Willebrand factor (VWF) binds to collagen
3) conformational change in VWF
4) platelets bind to VWF
5) platelets activate
6a) expression of fibrinogen receptor on the surface of platelet
6b) platelets secrete thromboxane A2
7) each fibrinogen molecule binds to fibrinogen receptors on several platelets
8) platelets aggregate together via fibrinogen
9) platelets contract

What protein hydrolyses the fibrin clot?

Plasmin

What word means the breakdown of a clot

Fibrinolysis

What normal blood protein can activate plasminogen and is often used clinically to dissolve clots?

Tissue plasminogen activator

What two chemicals were mentioned in the video as being released by healthy endothelial cells near a site on injury that can inhibit the formation of the platelet plug?

nitric oxide and prostaglandin

What are the two phases of the respiratory cycle?

inspiration and expiration

7 functions of the respiratory system

-provide o2
-eliminate co2
-regulates pH with kidney
-form speech sounds
-defend against pathogens
-influence concentration of chemical messangers
-trap blood clots

Why is it not dangerous to have a low number of small systemic venous clots break off and get lodged in lung arteries?

Many of the blood vessels and alveoli are not used at rest and eventually the clots will be dissolved by fibrinolysis

Flow chart for the pathway inhibiting clotting using tissue factory pathway inhibitor

1) tissue factor pathway inhibitor binds to tissue factor (TF)
2) confirmational change in TF
3) TF cannot bind to or activate factor VII

Flow chart for the pathway of inhibiting clotting using antithrombin III

1) antithrombin III bind to heparin
2) antithrombin III inactivates thrombin and other clotting factors

Draw a flow chart for the pathway of inhibiting clotting using thrombomodulin.

1) thrombin binds to thrombomodulin
2) confirmational change in thrombin ---->> all procoagnation effects of thrombin stops
3) thrombin activated protein C
4) protein C inactivated factors Va and VII a

CLOTTING CASCADE

PAGE #30

what is the average resting minute ventilation?

6000mL/min = 6L/min (Alveolar ventilation: 4L/min)

What structure is present in the respiratory zones of the airway, but not in conducting zones?

Alveoli

What is the name of the primary defense mechanism against pathogen entry in the conducting zone of the airway?

mucus escalator

What defense do we have against pathogen entry if the pathogens will make it all the way to the alveoli.

Macrophages that phagocytose pathogens

What is the deterministic equation for air flow in the lungs?

Flow of air= (pressure in alveoli- pressure in atmosphere)/(resistance of airway)

What is the equation of transpulmonary pressure

Alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure