A&P test 6, chapters 14 - 17 review

What is the main division of the adult brain?

the cerebrum

What structure is at the bottom of the diencephalon?

the brain stem, specifically the mesensephalon (midbrain)

Which autonomic centers are in the medulla oblongata?

heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

What is the falx cerebri?

a large fold of dura mater located between the cerebral hemispheres and contains the superior and inferior sagittal sinus

What are the functions of the thalamus?

filtering ascending sensory info for the primary sensory cortex, and relaying information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

What makes up the limbic system?

amygdaloid body, limbic lobe of central hemisphere, fornix, anterior nucleus of the thalamus, and reticular formation

What is important to the storage and recollection of new long-term memories?

the hippocampus

Which cranial nerves innervate the eye muscles?

cranial nerves III, IV, VI (3, 4, 6)

What major cranial nerve innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) (10)

The term "general senses” refers to sensitivity to what types of things?

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (perception of the location, movement, and action of parts of the body)

What contributes to receptor specificity?

the size of the receptor field (the smaller the receptor field, the more specific the response to the brain)

What does central adaptation refer to?

how the nervous system responds to a constant, painless stimulus. (something in the brain changes to get used to the stimulus)

What is a fast-adapting mechanoreceptor that responds to fine touch?

tactile mechanoreceptors

What are receptors that monitor the position of joints?

proprioceptors

What ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

the left and right fasiculus gracilis (lower half of the body), and left and right fasiculus cuneatus (upper half of the body)

What does movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals signal?

the direction and speed of rotation of the head

What does dual innervation refer to in an organ?

the organ receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system

Which nervous systems’ stimulations control the diameter of the respiratory passages?

parasympathetic

Most of the parasympathetic outflow travels along what?

the vagus nerve (75%)

What happens during sympathetic activation in the following: heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and blood glucose?

heart rate and blood pressure increase, sweat glands and blood glucose (energy reserves) activate

What happens during parasympathetic activation in the following: cardiac contractions, pupils, airways, urination, and defecation?

heart rate is reduced, cardiac contractions are forced, pupils constrict to restrict light entering the eyes, airways constrict, the bladder is contracted during urination, and defecation is stimulated and coordinated

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called what?

.

What does the celiac ganglion innervate?

stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, the odorant has to do what?

bind to odorant-binding proteins

Where are gustatory (taste) receptors located?

tongue, and portions of the pharynx and larynx

What is the cornea?

the clear outer layer at the front of the eye

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior cavities of the eye?

the anterior cavity is smaller than the posterior cavity

What is the fovea?

small depression in the retina where vision is clearest

the center of the field of vision, where cones are most concentrated, is located in the fovea

What is the optic disk?

a circular region in the middle of the fovea, aka the "blind spot,” where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball to travel to the brain

Where does the external ear end?

at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)