A+P exam 4 Study guide: (work in progress)

ch. 25 and ch. 26

What are the main anatomic structures of the urinary system?

Kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters.

What is the function of the nephron?

The nephron is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction influence blood pressure in relation to the glomerulus?

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles increases blood flow TO the glomerulus, raising systemic BP, while vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles decreases blood flow AWAY from the glomerulus, also affecting systemic BP.

What hormone increases the permeability of collecting tubules to water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What processes are involved in reabsorption in the renal tubules?

Water is reabsorbed via osmosis in the renal tubules.

What are the vessel structures within the kidney?

Afferent and efferent arterioles, vasa recta, glomerular capillaries, and peritubular capillaries.

What is the role of angiotensin II in urinary function?

Angiotensin II influences blood volume and pressure, which can impact stroke volume.

Which ions are most relevant to regulating body water volume?

Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions.

What hormones regulate sodium and potassium ion concentrations?

Aldosterone regulates sodium, while various hormones influence potassium levels.

Where are major ions like Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl found?

They are found in different compartments: intracellular, interstitial, and blood.

Where are sodium and potassium concentrations highest?

Sodium is highest in blood plasma, while potassium is highest intracellularly.

What are the important fluid compartments in the body?

Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma.

How does ADH influence water volume?

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing body water volume.

What are the consequences of dehydration?

Dehydration can lead to decreased blood volume and increased concentration of solutes.

What is hypotonic hydration?

Hypotonic hydration occurs when there is excess water relative to solutes, leading to a dilution of electrolytes.

What are the regulatory systems involved in acid-base balance?

The respiratory system and renal system are the most powerful regulators of acid-base balance.

What are the major features of acidosis?

Acidosis can result from increased carbon dioxide levels (respiratory) or excess acid production (metabolic).

What are the major features of alkalosis?

Alkalosis can result from decreased carbon dioxide levels (respiratory) or loss of acid (metabolic).