firstquiz1 REAL good

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What are the dates of the Middle Ages?

476 to 1450.

What are the dates of the Renaissance?

1450 to 1600.

What are the dates of the Baroque period?

1600 to 1750.

About when did Pythagoras live?

About 580 BCE to 500 BCE.

About when did Plato live?

About 427 BCE to 347 BCE.

When did Johann Sebastian Bach live?

1685 to 1750.

When did Claudio Monteverdi live?

1567 to 1643.

Why is Pythagoras important to music history?

He treated music as a serious field of study and connected it with intervals and emotional reactions.

What is an interval?

Distance between two pitches.

According to Plato, what were gymnastics and music associated with?

Gymnastics with physical health; music with mental and emotional health.

According to Plato, what was gymnastics associated with?

Physical health.

According to Plato, what was music associated with?

Mental and emotional health.

What was the Greek ideal discussed in class?

Balance between physical and mental health.

What was the main social system of the Middle Ages?

Main social structure of the Middle Ages.

Who were serfs?

Lowest major class discussed in the feudal system.

What dates make up the Early Middle Ages?

476 to 1000.

What dates make up the Late Middle Ages?

1000 to 1450.

Why were monasteries important to music in the Middle Ages?

They were an early place where music became part of worship.

Why were great cathedrals important in the Late Middle Ages?

Important late Middle Ages religious and cultural centers.

What important institutions developed in the later Middle Ages?

Important institutions developing in the later Middle Ages.

What is sacred music?

Music of the Church.

What is secular music?

Nonreligious music outside the Church.

What were the main sacred music forms of the Middle Ages?

Chant and organum.

What is Gregorian chant?

Sacred Middle Ages music with one melody and no harmony.

What does monophonic mean?

One melody line.

What does non metric mean?

No steady predictable beat.

What kind of intervals does Gregorian chant usually avoid?

Avoids large intervals.

What kind of dynamic changes does Gregorian chant usually avoid?

Avoids major dynamic contrasts.

What does a cappella mean?

Singing without instrumental accompaniment.

What do the text classes describe?

How pitches are assigned to syllables.

What does melismatic mean?

Many pitches per syllable.

What does syllabic mean?

One pitch per syllable.

What does responsorial mean?

Call and response.

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

Named composer of the class Gregorian chant example.

What type of text was used in the Hildegard chant example?

Proper text.

What major musical change happened around the year 1000?

Polyphony emerged; the professor called it the most important event in Western music history.

What does polyphonic mean?

More than one melody sounding at the same time.

What is organum?

Adding a second melody to a preexisting chant.

What place was an important early center of organum and polyphony?

Important early center of polyphony and organum.

Who was Leonin?

Early organum composer associated with adding a second melody.

Who was Perotin?

Leonin's student associated with adding third and fourth melodies.

What kind of musicians were minstrels?

Traveling secular musicians.

What were troubadours, trouvères, and minnesingers?

Stationary secular musicians in different regions.

Which medieval instruments were considered soft indoor instruments?

Indoor instruments: recorder, lute, harp.

Which medieval instruments were considered loud outdoor instruments?

Outdoor instruments: shawm, slide trumpet, tabor.

What was a portable organ?

Small organ used by traveling musicians.

What did Renaissance culture focus on more than the Middle Ages?

Greater focus on human life on Earth.

Why was the printing press important in the Renaissance?

Major Renaissance invention that improved consistency and spread of knowledge.

What were the main sacred forms of Renaissance music?

Motet and Mass.

What were the main secular forms of Renaissance music?

Italian madrigal and English madrigal.

What were the three main Renaissance style traits from class?

A cappella, continuous imitation, word painting.

What is continuous imitation?

Hearing a musical idea passed around between voices.

What is word painting?

Music reflects the meaning of the text.

What is a motet?

Sacred Latin vocal form, usually a cappella and polyphonic.

Who was Josquin Des Prez?

A Renaissance composer associated with the motet.

What is the Mass in the Catholic Church?

Primary service of the Catholic Church and also a musical form.

What is a musical Mass?

Setting the five movements of the Ordinary to music.

What does Kyrie mean?

Lord have mercy.

What does Gloria mean?

Glory to God.

What does Credo mean?

Statement of belief.

What does Sanctus mean?

Holy, holy, holy.

What does Agnus Dei refer to?

Forgiveness of sins or mercy.

What happened on October 31, 1517?

Date tied to the Reformation in the board notes.

Who was Martin Luther?

Catholic priest associated with the Protestant Reformation.

What was the Council of Trent in this class?

The Catholic response that included four major objections to Church music.

What was the first Council of Trent objection to Church music?

Objected to certain instruments in worship.

What was the second Council of Trent objection to Church music?

Objected to secular melodies.

What was the third Council of Trent objection to Church music?

Objected to a secular spirit in sacred service.

What was the fourth Council of Trent objection to Church music?

Objected to irreverent attitudes of Church musicians.

Why is Palestrina important?

He showed that composers could stay creative while following Council of Trent restrictions.

What Mass by Palestrina was discussed in class?

Palestrina Mass example.

What were two traits of Mass for Pope Marcellus?

Six voices and a cappella.

What is a madrigal?

Secular work set to a love poem; may use instruments; polyphonic; native language.

What does vernacular mean?

Native language of the people.

Why is Monteverdi called a transitionary composer?

His career crosses the Renaissance and Baroque periods.

What is an Italian madrigal?

Secular love poem setting; often uses word painting.

What is an English madrigal?

Pastoral text connected to the land.

Who was the main English madrigal composer in the notes?

Main English madrigal composer in the board notes.

What does pastoral mean?

Text about land or nature.

What was the main Baroque texture discussed in class?

Homophonic.

What does homophonic mean?

One melody with accompaniment.

What is monody?

One vocal line with instrumental accompaniment.

What were the main Baroque style traits?

Vigorous rhythm, continuous melody, expressive dissonance, terraced dynamics.

What does vigorous rhythm mean in Baroque music?

Strong steady predictable beat.

What does continuous melody mean?

Melody keeps moving for long spans.

What is dissonance?

Musical tension or instability used expressively.

What are terraced dynamics?

Sudden loud and soft changes rather than gradual changes.

What city was associated with the Florentine Camerata?

Location associated with the Florentine Camerata.

Who made up the Florentine Camerata?

Group of writers, visual artists, musicians, and aristocrats.

What was the goal of the Florentine Camerata?

Recreate Greek musical drama.

What is opera?

A story set to music and sung with instrumental accompaniment and costumes.

Was early opera sacred or secular?

Secular.

What are the five main components of opera?

Recitative, aria, libretto, overture, ensembles.

What is recitative?

Half spoken half sung style used to advance the plot.

What is an aria?

Lyrical emotional response.

What is a libretto?

Text or words of an opera.

What is an overture?

Instrumental opening; musical preview and stage setter.

What is an ensemble in opera?

More than one singer.

Who was Henry Purcell?

English Baroque composer connected with the opera example.

What is Dido and Aeneas?

English Baroque opera based on a Roman epic.