Biology Data Test

p value for significantly different

<0.05

p value for highly significantly different

<0.01

species richness

the number of species in a given area

ways of calculating species richness

Menhinick's index
Counting number of species

Menhinick's index formula

number of species in a sample/square root of number of individuals in sample

Higher Menhinick's index

higher species richness (not evenness)

species evenness

relative abundance of each species

percentage frequency

the percentage of the total quadrat number that the species was present in

Simpson's diversity index measures

species diversity (richness and evenness)

SDI = probability that two organisms are from the _____ species

different

SDI formula

Population change

(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
negative change = decrease in population

Lincoln index estimates

size of population for moving animals

Lincoln index formula

r selected organisms

rapid reproduction, less time to reach reproductive maturity
exhibit little parental care
lichens

Pioneer species

Shorter lifespan
Produce offspring quickly and many offspring at a time
Fix nitrogen from the air
Photosynthesise
Tolerate extreme abiotic conditions
Disperse seeds quickly
r selected

Climax community has _____ biomass

higher

Types of density independent factors

regular abiotic conditions (eg. salinity, light levels)
irregular disturbances (eg. flood, fire, drought)

sum of limiting factors

environmental resistance

k selected organisms

very competitive for resources
live in stable environments
exhibit extensive parental care

float around

planktonic

swim around eg. fish

nektonic

can move but move slowly

sedentary

don't move

sessile

above mean high tide

supralittoral zone
slash zone

between mean high tide and mean low tide

littoral/intertidal/eulittoral

below mean low tide

sublittoral
rarely exposed to air

Percentage abundance formula

no. of individuals in a species / total number of individuals for all species

range of abiotic factors where species can best survive

optimal range

range of abiotic factors where species can tolerate conditions but suffer physiological stress

tolerance range

community

a group of populations

population

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Why does biodiversity increase during primary succession? Why does the height and density of plants change?

hummus and organic matter increases
Soil becomes more suitable for vegetation other than pioneer species
increase in microhabitats and immigration

as density of vegetation increases, temperature levels

decrease

shell

protects from higher temp and lack of water