14.0 Nonspecific Responses

Viruses can invade _______ known type of cell

every

Viruses are __________ intracellular parasites meaning they need host ________ material to multiply

obligate; genetic

Viruses are ___-___nm

20-450

Viruses are classified based on size and shape, chemical ___________, structure of their __________, and model of _________

composition; genome; replication

A fully assembled virus is called a ___________

virion

RNA viruses are ___% of all viruses because their genome __________ a lot because the enzymes in replication make many __________

70; mutates; errors

Viruses have a protein shell called a ___________ surrounding genetic material. Some are enveloped with an outer _____________ or ___________ coat, ex. _____ and HIV. Some are naked with no coat, ex. ________ virus. Some viruses have extra structures and are called _________ viruses, ex. ___________

capsid; phospholipid or glycoprotein; CoVs; papilloma virus; complex; poxvirus

Viruses only have the genes that are needed to __________ host cell and __________ its activity

invade; redirect

HIV is an enveloped retro virus (______-stranded RNA). It uses it own ________ __________ enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. This DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by ________ enzyme and is called a ________.

single; reverse transcriptase; integrase; provirus

COVID uses its own enzyme called RNA __________ RNA _________ to synthesize viral RNA. A possible antiviral target for covid is ___________

dependent; polymerase; remdesivir

After chickenpox, the chickenpox can incorporate its viral DNA into the _________ genome which can be _________ for years. If the viral DNA is activated, it can travel along ________ pathways to the skin to cause _________.

host; dormant; neuron; shingles

Infections have the potential for rapid, large scale ____________ which means rapid reproduction

proliferation

Virions are viruses _____________ from infected cells. A single cell infected with poxvirus can produce _______ virions

released; 3,000

Damage from viruses:

- shut down metabolism, __________ expression

- destroy cell ________ and organelles

- release ________ which can then destroy the cell

- viruses can be latent (infect _______ in life)

gene; membrane; lysosomes; later

Cytopathic Effects (CPEs) of viruses on cells:

- syncytium: mass of cytoplasm containing several _______ enclosed in a membrane but no internal _____ boundaries

- inclusion: ______ suspended in cytoplasm, ex. ________

nuclei; cell; body; granule

Bacteria produce _______ that disrupt normal cell function. Example:

cholera toxin - disrupts ______ balance of cell membrane, results in cells of SI secreting a lot of ______ into SI leading to _______

toxins; ion; water; dehydration

Penicillin ______ formation of bacterial cell ___ by blocking crosslinking

inhibits; wall

Tetracyclines inhibit _______ synthesis by binding to bacterial ________ subunit

protein; ribosome

Quinolones block ____ synthesis by blocking bacterial enzyme ___ _______

DNA; DNA gyrase

First line of nonspecific defense is _________, chemical, and _______

physical, chemical, genetic

First line of nonspecific ex:

Skin - resists pathogen _________

Mucous membranes (chemical) - prevent _______ to cell or directly ____ virus

Lysozyme - damage bacterial cell _____, abundant in secretions, ex, ________, ______, mucus

Acidic environment - in __________

Viruses are specific to _____ cell receptors

penetration; binding; kill; wall; tears; saliva; stomach; host

The second line of nonspecific defense is the _________ immune system. Key players: inflammatory response, __________, __________, _____________

innate; phagocytosis; interferons; cytokines

Innate Immune Response:

- PAMPS (__________ associated molecular patterns): found on ________, ex. lipopolysaccharides on ______ membrane

- DAMPS (_________ associated molecular patterns): cell components released during ________ or _________, ex. DNA present anywhere but _________ or ________

- PRRs (__________ recognition _________): identify ________ and _______. found on specific _______ cells. Ex, _____ ______ receptors (TLRs)

pathogen; pathogens; outer; damage; damage; death; nucleus or mitochondria; pattern; receptors; DAMPS and PAMPS; immune; toll like

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are usually produced on _______ cells or security guard cells, ex. macrophages and ________ cells

sentinel; dendritic

The third line of defense in specific: ________/_______ immune system. Key players: antibodies, __ cells, __ cell, ___________ cells, and __________

Adaptive/Acquired; T; B: accessory; cytokines

A cytokine is any substance such as an _________ (IFN), _______ necrosis factor (TNF), _______ (IL), and growth factors that are secreted by immune cells

interferon; tumor; interleukin

A Pyrogen is polypeptide that produces a ________ by causing metabolic changes in _________. Exogenous is produced by __________ agents, endogenous is produced by cells in ________

fever; hypothalamus; infectious; body

A fever inhibits multiplication of temp _________ viruses like _______, cold viruses, and herpes _______ virus. Fever stimulates ____________

dependent; polio; zoster; phagocytosis

Stem cells in the bone marrow can become:

Granulocytes - type of wbc that have ________ in their cytoplasm

Monocytes - type of wbc, with _______ cytoplasm and migrate to infection to ________ into macrophages and _______ cells

Lymphocytes - wbcs that differentiate into ______ ______ cells (NK cells), __ cells, __ cells, and are mostly found in ___________

granules; clear; differentiate; dendritic; natural killer; T; B; lymph

Granulocytes include:

__________

__________

__________

______ cells

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, mast cells

During development, B cells stay in the _____ _________ and T cells migrate to the _________

bone marrow, thymus

Natural killer cells function mostly in ______ immunity but also adaptive, T cells are for cell-mediated cytotoxic ________ immunity, and B cells are for humoral antibody-driven _______ immunity

innate; adaptive; adaptive

Inflammation:

- activated by cell and tissue damaged induced by __________

- inflammation interferes with further pathogen ____________

pathogen; replication

Stages of Inflammation:

Vascular changes - increased ________, _________, redness and warmth

Swelling - leakage of _______ fluid -> pus is an __________ and pain due to nerve ____________

Production of chemical mediators that: cause _______, stimulate ____. ex. TNF (__________, _________), IFN (inhibits virus _________), IL (activate ____)

circulation; vasodilation

vascular; exudate; stimulation

fever; wbcs; chemotaxis, phagocytosis; replication; wbc

Inflammation pathway:

1. break in skin introduces _________

2. activated mast cells release ________

3. histamine and cytokines ________ blood vessels

4. Chemokines attract _________ which pass between cells of blood vessel _______

5. neutrophils ________ pathogens and destroy them

bacteria; histamine; dilate; neutrophils; wall; engulfs

Chemokine is a type of cytokine that induces __________ in nearby cells

chemotaxis

Histamine is produced by ____________ and _____ cells in connective tissues and it increases ________ of capillaries to wbcs and some proteins so they can _______ pathogens

basophils and mast cells; permeability; engulf

Phagocytosis:

- type of ___________

- involves ________

1. ingestion

2. __________ formation

3. destruction

4. ___________

endocytosis; chemotaxis; phagolysosome; excretion

Main type of phagocytes:

- __________ (granulocyte)

- __________ (large)

- ___________ (differentiate from monocytes)

neutrophils; monocytes; macrophages

Monocytes are attracted to damaged site through _________ using damaged cells, ____________, and _________

chemotaxis; pathogens; cytokines

Interferon:

- glycoprotein produced by ____________, _____________, macrophages, _______ cells, and ___ cells

1. binding of virus to host initiates IFN ________ which is then secreted to the ____________ space

2. interferon binds to another _____ cell and induces production of proteins that _________ viral DNA or prevent __________ of viral proteins

fibroblasts, lymphocytes, epithelial, T cells; synthesis; extracellular; host; degrade; translation

Interferons are ____ virus specific and activate ___ cells, macrophages, and enhance ____________

NOT; NK; phagocytosis

Complement:

- ________ group of proteins found in blood __________

- forms membrane attack complex that kills cells by creating ______ in membrane

- in both innate and _________ immunity

nonspecific; plasma; holes; adaptive

Classical Complement cascade:

- starts with ___ binding to antigen complex

Lectin Complement pathway:

- starts with _________-binding lectin

Alternative Complement pathway:

- starts with protein ___

C1; ,mannose; C3

The complement pathways go through many steps to form ____, ____, ____, and ____ proteins that create the ________ attack complex

C6, C7, C8, and C9; membrane

General complement attack pathway:

1. activated compliment enters __________

2. cascading reactions produce many ________ proteins

3. Proteins insert into cell __________

4. cell _______

bacteria; compliment; membrane; lysis

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that can destroy viral ________ (_______-stranded RNA) that inhibits ______ life cycle

dsRNA; double; virus

Natural Killer cells (NK cells) can be activated by ________ and secrete:

Perforin - creates _____ in target cells

Enzymes - degrade ____ and trigger _________

interferons; pores; DNA; apoptosis