Plant Biology, Agriculture History, and Crop Science Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering plant anatomy, cell structures, history of agriculture, centers of origin, crop domestication traits, and agricultural policy in the Philippines based on the lecture notes.

The continuous streaming or movement of cytoplasm inside a living plant cell.

Cyclosis

Chloroplast

The organelle responsible for primary C3/C4 photosynthetic reactions in plant cells.

Cellulose

The primary structural polysaccharide constituent of plant cell walls.

Central vacuole

The central, fluid-filled organelle that occupies up to $90\%$ of a mature plant cell's volume and maintains turgor pressure.

Plasmodesmata

Microscopic channels passing through the cell walls of plant cells that enable transport and communication between them.

The tissue system responsible for long-distance transport of water, minerals, and photoassimilates throughout the plant.

Vascular tissue

Xylem tissue

Tissue primarily responsible for transporting water and dissolved mineral nutrients from roots to shoots.

Sieve tube elements

Functional vascular cells that are living at maturity but lack a nucleus to facilitate the transport of organic solutes.

Collenchyma

A simple plant tissue type consisting of flexible, living cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls that provide structural support to growing shoots.

Sclerenchyma

Rigid, non-living cells at maturity with thick, lignified secondary cell walls, such as fibers and sclereids.

Agriculture

The systematic raising, cultivation, and management of useful plants and livestock to meet human needs or achieve economic gain.

Pomology

The branch of study officially focused on fruit production.

Crop

A domesticated or cultivated plant grown specifically in groups for profit or human use.

Mesolithic Era

The prehistoric era during which humans used microliths and began domesticating animals like the dog.

Fertile Crescent

The region where the dawn of plant agriculture ($9,000\text{--}7,500\text{ BC}$) originated with the domestication of wheat, peas, and lentils.

Iron Age

The era during which metallurgy advanced to using steel and iron tools, alongside widespread pastoralism.

Justus von Liebig

The scientist who formulated the fundamental theory of mineral nutrition supplied to plants via the soil in $1840$.

Norman Borlaug

The individual celebrated as the "Father of the Green Revolution" for developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

Olericulture

The branch of horticulture dealing specifically with vegetable production.

Poaceae

The plant family belonging to the order Poales, which includes cereals.

Leguminosae / Fabaceae

The taxonomic family under which pulses and legumes are classified.

Chinese Center

The Vavilov center of origin considered the primary source for soybean, radish, peach, and tea.

Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Center

The origin region for coffee, sorghum, and sesame.

Central American Center

The origin region for maize (corn), sweet potato, papaya, and guava.

South American Center

The origin region for potato, tomato, tobacco, rubber, and cocoa.

Mediterranean Center

The origin center for durum wheat, oats, barley, and cabbage.

Jack Harlan's 1971 theory

The theory proposing that crop domestication occurred across defined Centers paired with broad Non-Centers.

Secondary centers of diversity

Crop origin centers characterized by recessive genes and desirable domestic traits compared to primary centers.

Low seed shattering

The seed retention characteristic on the stalk that distinguishes a domesticated crop plant from a wild progenitor.

Pulses / Legumes

The crop group primarily valued for muscle development and protein supply in human nutrition.

Manny Piñol

The DA Secretary who focused on the "Back to the Basics" policy targeting staple food security and high-value crops.

William Dar

The DA Secretary who introduced the "New Thinking for Agriculture" framework anchored on $8$ strategic paradigms.

Francisco "Kiko" Tiu Laurel Jr.

The DA Secretary under whom the ₱29 Rice Program for vulnerable households and the $9$-point objectives for modernizing agri-fisheries were launched.

Republic Act No. 8435

Legislation commonly known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA).

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The primary international trade organization that standardizes global trade rules and helps resolve international market disputes.

Golden Rice

A crop genetically engineered specifically to address nutritional deficiencies by producing Beta-carotene (Vitamin A precursor).

Bt crops

Biotechnology applications in Philippine agriculture that primarily aim to reduce chemical use and increase yields.

Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

The individual who, during his tenure as DA Secretary, emphasized short-term staple yields, restructuring the food value chain, and advocating agri-legislation.

Plow

The tool invented during the Bronze Age that drastically improved soil preparation in river valleys.