#5 - EMS Research

outcomes-based research

What determines whether a procedure, drug, treatment, or strategy improves patient outcomes?

scientific method

What is a process by which scientists construct an accurate representation of the world?

science

What is a state or fact of knowledge derived through the scientific method?

research

What is the use of the scientific method to study a given issue?

quantitative research

What type of research describes phenomena in numbers?

qualitative research

What type of research describes phenomena in words?

mixed research

What is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research?

retrospective research

What research examines information that already exists?

prospective research

What research examines what happens from a moment onward?

quantitative

Which type of research is most used in medicine?

independent variable

What affects a dependent variable under study?

dependent variable

What is the variable being affected by the study?

nonexperimental quantitative research

What type of research involves independent variables that cannot be manipulated?

survey-quantitative research

What research reflects public opinion for marketing and social science research?

experimental study

What type of study involves a control group and a treatment group that the independent variable is applied to?

quasi-experimental study

What type of study involves the scientist not randomly assigning subjects to the study groups?

observational study

What type of study does not have a control group?

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

What type of trial involves subjects being randomized into a treatment group and a control group?

nonrandomized controlled trial

What type of trial involves subjects being specifically assigned to a control group or treatment group?

cohort study

What type of study is observational and involves subjects who have a certain condition/received a particular treatment over time compared with another group not affected?

cross-sectional study

What type of study involves various groups being compared without a control at a single point in time?

case series

What type of study looks at a group of patients with a similar condition?

case report

What is a structured study of a single patient who is unique or interesting to the medical community in general?

animal research (in vivo)

What type of research involves understanding how certain drugs and procedures affect biological systems?

bench research (in vitro)

What type of research is scientific research at the most basic level and is important in learning how the universe functions?

validity

What is whether or how well a study supports its conclusions?

external validity

What assures results can be generalized or possess generalizability?

internal validity

What ensures results can be attributed to the cause?

Nuremburg Code of 1947

What was the first code to guide ethical practice in human research?

Helsinki Declaration

What declaration states the subject makes an informed decision about participating in research?

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

What is a committee that approves, monitors, and reviews human research?

statistics

What is the mathematics of collecting and analyzing data to draw conclusions and make predictions?

descriptive statistics

What describes the basic features of the data obtained in a study?

inferential statistics

What is information from sampled observations of a population and makes conclusions about the population?

mean

What average is found by adding the values and then dividing the sum by the number of values involved?

median

What average is found by putting the values into numerical order then finding the middle value?

mode

What is the most common value in a set of data?

variance

What is found by taking each value then subtracting the mean from it?

standard deviation

What is the square root of the variance?

sampling error

What is the estimation of difference between a value obtained from a sample and the value that would be obtained from an entire population?

confidence interval

What is variability added or subtracted to the original proportion?

qualitative statistics

What form of statistics involves nonnumeric data and has an assigned number indicating ranking or ordering of importance or severity?

quantitative statistics

What form of statistics is numerical in nature?

odds ratio

What ratio shows how strong the association is between a risk factor and the condition it is associated with?