Gene Regulation, Genomes, and Biotechnology

I could have separated this but I chose not to cuz I'm lazy

Do unicellular organisms need all their genes active at once?

Unicellular genes do not

What is differential gene expression?

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

What is a chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins

What is heterochromatin

a highly condensed chromatin

What is added for histone acetylation

Acetyl Groups

What is added for DNA methylation

Methyl Groups

Whatis histone acetyleation

opens chromatin structure and promotes transcription

Are methylated genes expressed

Methylated genes are not expressed

What is an operator

segment of DNA that activates/deactivates transcription of genes

What is an operon

DNA required for production of a product

What is a repressor

protein that prevents gene regulation

What isa repressible operon

a gene that is usually on but can be turned off

Is a repressible operon bonded to the DNA

Not typically bonded

What is an inducible operon

gene that is usually off but can be turned on

Is an inducible operon bonded to the DNA

Typically bonded to DNA

What kind of proteins are most repressors

allosteric proteins

Repressible operons are generally involved with what pathways

anabolic pathways

Inducible operons are generally involved with what pathways

catabolic pathways

What are products of regulatory genes

repressors

What are activators

proteins that bind to DNA to promote transcription

What are control elements

noncoding DNA segments that allow transcription factors to bind

What are proximal control elements

located near the gene

What are distal control elements

located far from the gene

What are transcription factors

proteins that promote or block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA

What is Ubiquitin

small protein that attaaches to other proteins tomark them for degredation

What are examples of gene regulation **after** transcription

RNA processing, translation, mRNA degradation, and protein processing and degradation

What is gene regulation necessary for

development and prevention of tumors

What are benign tumors

tumors that grow slow and do not spread

What are malignant tumors

tumors that grow quickly and may spread

What is morphogenesis

development of the form and structures of an organism

What are inductive signals

signals from the environment and other embryonic cell

What is cell determination

the point in which an embryonic cell is commited to becoming a specifi cell type (lol its like the bee movie)

What is apoptosis

programmed cell death

What is pattern formation

spatial development of tissues and organs of an organism

What are the different axid developments

anterior-posterial, dorsal-ventral, right-left

What are oncogenes

cancer causing genes

What are proto oncogenes

genes that code for proteins that stimulate cell division

What are tumor suppresor genes

code for proteins that inhibit cell division

What is necessary for cancer development

protooncogenes need to become oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have to be ineffective

What are examples of contributing factors to cancer development

inherited mutation and exposure to DNA damaging agents

Can viruses interfere with the cell cyle

duh

What do viruses introduce into the body

Foreign DNA

What do genomes vary in

size,genes, density of genes

What is genomics

the study of genomes

What is a genome

the complete nucleotide sequence of an organism

Mammals have what kind of gene density

the lowest kind

What is a transposable element

DNA sequences that may relocate

What is a GMO

genetically modified organismW

What is genetic engineering

alteration of a genotype

What is artificial selection

when humans select which individuals are allowed to reproduce

What are the primary uses of biotechnology

medicine and agriculture

What are the industrial uses of biotechnology

fermentation and production of biofuels

What is genetic testing

testing for specific genetic conditions

What is gene therapy

healthy gene is introduced to an unhealthy one

What are transgenic animals

proteins that are only proessed in eukaryotes

What are Transgenic plants

more productive and disease resistant crops

What is molecular cloning

reproduction of regions/fragments of DNA

What is reproductive cloning

prodution of 1 or more organisms that are genetically identical to the parent

What is nuclear transplantation

removes the nucleus of an egg and inserts the nucleus of a differentiated cell

What are stem cells

unspecialized cells that can differentiate into different tissue typesWh

What are embryonic stem cells

can be anything it wants

What are adult stem cells

only become a few cell types (not special)

What are induced pluripotent stem cells

cells that have been undifferentiated into pluripotent cells

What is therapeutic cloning

using one’s genetic material to make new stem cells that are used in regenerative medicine.