TEMPERATURE REGULATION, THIRST, AND HUNGER

Temperature Regulation

the process by which the body maintains its internal temperature within a narrow range, despite changes in the external environment or metabolic activity

Walter B. Cannon (1929)

introduced the term homeostasis

homeostasis

refer to temperature and other biological processes that keep the body variables within a fixed range.

Allostasis

refers to the adaptive way in which the body changes depending on the situation

poikilothermic

Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are

homeothermic

Mammals and Birds are

hypothalamus

plays a central role in regulating body temperature by serving as the body's thermostat

70%

Water constitutes about ____ of the mammalian body.

Thirst

is a physiological sensation that prompts the desire to drink fluids in order to maintain proper hydration levels within the body. It is regulated by a complex interplay of physiological mechanisms that monitor fluid balance and osmotic pressure in the body.

Osmotic thirst

a type of thirst sensation triggered by changes in the osmotic pressure of the body's fluids. Eating salty foods can cause this type of thirst.

Hypovlemic Thirst

a type of thirst sensation triggered by a decrease in the volume of blood circulating in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.

Hunger

• a complex physiological sensation that signals the body's need for food and nutrients.

• arises when the body's energy stores are depleted or when certain nutrients are lacking, prompting the individual to seek out and consume food to satisfy metabolic needs.

small intestine

The ____ has enzymes that digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

large intestine

The _____ absorbs water and minerals and lubricates the remaining materials to pass as feces.

glucose

Much digested food enters the bloodstream as ____, an important source of energy throughout the body and nearly the only fuel of the brain

insulin and glucagon

regulate the flow of glucose

Insulin

enables glucose to enter the cells, except for brain cells

Glucagon

stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen to glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood