AP Psych Unit 4-1 Vocab

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21 Terms

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Sensation

Process of detecting, converting into electrical signals, and transmitting this raw sensory information from the sense receptors to the brain

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Perception

Experience from our brain assembling and combining raw sensory input into a meaningful pattern image

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Bottom-up processing

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

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Top-down processing

a cognitive process that involves using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new sensory information

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Selective attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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Inattentional blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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Change blindness

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the corresponding sensations they evoke in a human observer

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Absolute threshold

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus at least 50% of the time

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Signal detection theory

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a stimulus (signal) among the background (noise)

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Subliminal

Below one absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

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Difference threshold

Minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time

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Weber's law

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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Sensory adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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Transduction

The process by which an energy is changed into a neural signal

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Sensory interaction

The process by which our five senses work with and influence each other

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Sensory Habituation

A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus

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Perceptual hypothesis

An initial guess regarding how to perceive a stimulus pattern

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Perceptual habits

Ingrained patterns of organization and attention that affect our daily experience

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Divided attention

Allotting mental space or effort to various tasks or parts of a task