WMAN 330 Exam 3

epigenetics

link btw enviro and genetics, potentially heritable, rapid adaptation 

methylation

prevents transcription, bulking it down → turned off

hypermethylation

decreased gene expression

hypomethylation

increased gene expression

assisted gene flow

translocation within a species’ range

assisted colonization

translocation outside of a species’ natural range

climate change what species do 

genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, migration, extirpation

phenotypic plasticity

increase enviro tolerance, adaptive/maladaptive, may shield from selection or generate new phenotypes for selection

evolutionary rescue

population recovers demographically due to selection, ideal

max rate of enviro change a pop can withstand depends on:

genetic variation, reproduction, effect pop size, enviro stochasticity, selection strenght

countergradient variation

caused by genetics is opposite the variation caused by enviro

why can’t genetic adaptation keep pace

lack of genetic variation, antagonistic genetic correlations (linkage), inbreeding, gene flow

species concepts

bio, eco, phenetic, recognition, phylogenetic

biological

reproductively isolated, sterile, fertile

ecological

different niches, habitats, diets

phenetic

look alike

recognition

recognize each other as the same (as a mate)

phylogenetic

common ancestor, umbrella concept

hennigian species concept 

reproductively isolated, stem species branches off into 2 new species, stem species goes extinct

monophyletic 

common ancestry: all and only the descendants of a common ancestor, tree based on pops or individuals,requires monophyly

polyphyletic

do not share a recent common ancestor

paraphyletic

missing some descendants

genealogical

tree based on genes, monophyletic sets of genes, exclusive coalescence of alleles

diagnosability

fixed differences

unified species concept 

species: separately evolving metapopulation lineage, any of the traditional concepts can be used to support it, more evidence the better 

evolutionary significant units (ESUs)

mtDNA reciprocally monophyletic, significant allele frequency differences at nuclear loci

management units (MUs)

significant allele frequency difference at nuclear loci, phylogentic relationship does not matter

discreteness

pop segment in relation to the remainders of the species to which it belongs - markedly separated or delimited by international boundaries

significance

pop segments to the species which it belongs - unusual or unique ecological setting, loss in gap of range, only surviving natural occurrence, differs markedly in genetic characteristics

what is the best marker for detecting marker for detecting hybrids

nuclear DNA (microsatellites, SNPs)

eDNA

urine, skin cells, feces

positive detection for eDNA

present 

negative detection for eDNA

not detected 

positive control

known sample, used to make sure reactions worked

negative control

all reagents but no DNA, test for contamination 

biological replicates 

replicate samples from the field

technical replicates

replicates samples in the lab

50/500 rule

short term/long term pop size

translocations

low success rates, representative of source pop

management

reduce selectivity or intensity of harvest, preserve proportion of pop from harvest

impacts of harvest

may alter Ne, exacerbate loss of genetic diversity, artificial selection

genetic restoration 

Introduction of individuals from other populations to restore genetic diversity 

genetic rescue 

introduction of individuals from other populations to improve reproductive fitness and restore genetic diversity 

the 500 in the 50/500 rule represents the effective pop size

needed to maintain adaptive potential 

roles of captive breeding 

demographic + genetic support, founding new populations, prevent extinction  

source pop goals 

max # of surviving subspecies, max genetic variation, max genetic diversity 

epigenetics responses are due to a change in the DNA sequence

false

which scenario will most likely result in evolutionary rescue

high plasticity, moderate heritability

according to the biological species concept, the red wolf and the coyoted are different species

false

in which phylogenetic species concept does the ancestral species go extinct

hennigian

which is an example of a polyphyletic group

sea turtle, alligator, ghostshark

the criteria for ESUs include:

significantly different allele frequencies at nuclear loci

which of the following increases the probability of an invasive species becoming established

a large number of individuals introduced

how are hybrids treated under the ESA

its determined on a case-by-case basis

a positive eDNA result means that:

at some point in the recent past, the environment came in contact with the DNA of that organism

which is an impact of harvest

altered Ne

how do you decide if a pop is in need of genetic rescue

pop is exhibiting low fitness, suitable donor pop, experimental data

what are some of the possible negative genetic effects of genetic rescue

swamping of local genetic variation

which phase is genetic management the most important

maintenance phase