Unit 7: RNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations, Cloning, and Stem Cells

RNA

type of nucleic acid that is used during protein synthesis

Differences in RNA and DNA

RNA: ribose, single-stranded, and uracil

DNA: deoxyribose, double-helix, and thymine

How many types of RNA are there, and what are they called?

3; mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

mRNA

copy of a single gene in DNA

tRNA

adds amino acids and complementary bases to mRNA

rRNA

ribosome that reads mRNA

What type of RNA is this?

tRNA

What type of RNA is this?

mRNA

What type of RNA is this?

rRNA

What is the first step in protein synthesis and where does it take place?

Transcription in the nucleus

What is made in transcription?

mRNA

What is a codon and what does it code for?

A codon is three base long sequences that code for amino acids

What RNA type are codons found on?

mRNA

RNA Polymerase (what does it do, when does it do it)

temporarily unwinds DNA and adds complementary bases to mRNA during transcription

Promoter

TATA box that RNA binds to that indicates the start of the sequence

Terminator

stops transcription

What three things occur to the mRNA during mRNA processing?

MgCap is added, Poly-A-Tail is added, introns are removed and exons combine

What is the second step of protein synthesis and where does it occur?

mRNA processing in the nucleus

What is the third step of protein synthesis and where does it occur?

Translation in the cytoplasam

What do you make in translation?

Polypeptides/ Amino Acid Chains

What types of RNA are involved in translation?

All types! mRNA is used as the template of translation. tRNA adds the amino acids to the ribosomes. rRNA is the ribosome (E.P.A.)

In rRNA what does EPA stand for?

E- amino acids chain exits

P- polypeptide bond forms

A- new amino acids are added

What is an anti-codon and what type of RNA is it found on?

It adds the complementary codons on mRNA. It is found on tRNA.

What is the start codon and its amino acid?

Start codon: AUG

Amino Acid: Met.

How many stop codons are there?

3

Mutation?

Any mistake or change in the sequence of DNA

How do mutations occur?

DNA copying mistakes, radiation exposure, or infections from viruses

Mutagen

any chemical substitution that leads to a mutation

What are some examples of mutagens?

Chemicals and X-Rays

Point Mutation

One single base is being changed

How many types of Point Mutations are there

3

Point-Silence Mutation

One single base is changed however the amino acid doesn’t change

Point- Missense Mutation

one single base is changed and the amino acid changes

Point- Nonsense Mutation

One single base changes and it causes the sequence to prematurely stop

Frameshift Deletion

A base is deleted causing everything to move left

Frameshift Insertion

A base is added causing everything to move right

Chromosomal Nondisjunction

sister chromatids fail to separate properly

What type of chromosomal nondisjunction is this and what does this mean?

Duplicated Chromosomal Nondisjunction which means a base duplicated

What type of chromosomal nondisjunction is this and what does this mean?

Deleted Chromosomal Nondisjunction which means a base is deleted

What type of chromosomal nondisjunction is this and what does this mean?

Translocation Chromosomal Nondisjunction which means two different chromosomes twisted on top of each other

What type of chromosomal nondisjunction is this and what does this mean?

Inversion Chromosomal Nondisjunction which means two of the same chromosomes twisted on top of each other

What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

Reproductive cloning: clones/ reproduces and entire organism

Therapeutic cloning: clones one type of cell

What are STEM Cells?

Cells that can be turned into any type of cell.

What is the best source to obtain stem cells?

Embryonic

Why are embryonic cells better/ easier to work with than adult stem cells?

Easier to obtain and can change into what you want it to be

Pluripotent

can develop into every cell type, every tissue type, and every organ in a human body

What are some of the possible uses within the medical industry of STEM Cells?

Test new medications, repair cells or tissues that have been damaged by disease or injury, or Parkinson’s disease