E. AB Sociocultural Factors and Ethical Principles in Diagnosing

Socio

Cultural Factors

Cultural Relativism

understand that what is considered abnormal in one culture may be normative in another

Intersectionality

gender, race, socioeconomic status, and disability all influence how behavior is perceived and labeled

Systems Perspective

behavior must be assessed in relation to systemic factors like trauma, oppression, or community dynamics

Function Over Form

understand the purpose behind behavior, not just appearance

Culture

Bound Syndrome

Amok

Violent, disorderly, or homicidal rage accompanied by amnesia, and after which the individual may commit suicide

Bangungot

Also known as sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) or oriental nightmare death syndrome

Brain Fag Syndrome

Combination of cognitive symptoms (reduced concentration and poor memory) with somatic symptoms (blurred vision, head/neck pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance)

Dhat

Severe anxiety and hypochondria related to loss of semen through urine, nocturnal emission or masturbation

Ghost Sickness

Preoccupation with death and the diseased

Hwabyung

Individuals internalize their anger and manifest psychosomatic symptoms (epigastric pain, muscular aches and pains, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, palpitations, breathlessness), dysphoria, anxiety and panic

Shenjing Shuairuo

Translated as nervous system weakness or neurasthenia

Uppgivenhetssyndrom

Translates to resignation syndrome

Koro

Anxiety that one's own genitalia is shrinking, resulting in possible death

Saora

Memory loss, fainting, inappropriate crying or laughing

Maladi Moun

Belief that illness or misfortune is caused by someone else's ill intent, envy, or hatred, often through spiritual means

Clinical Lycanthropy

Delusions of transforming into an animal

Piblokto

Characterized by an abrupt dissociative episode with distinct phases

Kufungisisa

Disorder of Distress/thinking too much

Latah

Exaggerated startle response experiencing trance

Jikoshu

Kyofu

Khyal Cap

Translates to Wind Attacks

Susto

Fright Disorder

Ataque de Nervios

Translates to attack of nerves

Kyol Goeu

Translates to Wind overload

Pa

Leng

Zou huo hu mo

Chinese idiom that describes a state of being obsessed or possessed

Shinbyeong

Translates to spirit sickness or divine illness

Taijin Kyofusho

Disorder of Fear / Fear of offending others

Ufufunyane

Attributed to the effects of magical potions (given by rejected lovers), demons, or spiritual possession

Amafufunyana

Used by Xhosa traditional healers to explain certain aberrant behaviors and psychological phenomena, often associated with symptoms of schizophrenia

Hikikomori

A condition where individuals, typically adolescents or young adults, withdraw from social life and confine themselves to their homes for extended periods

Wendigo Psychosis

Insatiable craving for human flesh, even when other food is available

Zār

A culturally bound syndrome or a spiritual possession practice prevalent in Northern and Eastern Africa, and the Middle East

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

advocates for psychology rooted in Filipino values, language, and experiences

Kapwa

core value of Filipino Psychology; recognition of a shared identity, an inner self that is connected with others

Pakikitungo

Civility, courtesy

Pakikisalamuha

Casual social mixing

Pakikilahok

Participating in group

Pakikibagay

Adjusting to others

Pakikisama

Going along, yielding for harmony

Pakikipagpalagaya

Mutual trust and comfort

Pakikisangkot

Active involvement

Pakikiisa

Deep unity and shared identity

PAP Code of Ethics

provides guidelines for psychologists and psychometricians in the Philippines

Principle I

Responsibility to Society: uphold the public good in psychological practice

Principle II

Professional Competence: only provide services within the scope of competence

Principle III

Integrity: honesty and accuracy in professional roles

Principle IV

Respect for the Rights and Dignity of Persons: non

APA Code of Ethics

provides a framework for ethical conduct in the field of psychology

Principle A

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Principle B

Fidelity and Responsibility

Principle C

Integrity

Principle D

Justice

Principle E

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Ethical Standards

specific rules and professional responsibilities that guide how psychologists should behave in their practice

Informed Consent

Clients must be fully informed about the purpose, nature, and risks of diagnosis

Confidentiality

Information obtained in diagnosis must be kept confidential

Competence and Cultural Competence

Psychologists must diagnose only within their area of competence

Appropriate Use of Tests and Tools

Use reliable, valid, and appropriate instruments

Avoiding Harm and Ensuring Welfare

The diagnostic process should not cause psychological harm

Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest

Avoid dual relationships that impair objectivity or cause exploitation

Accurate Reporting and Feedback

Report findings honestly and clearly