Biodiversity Unit 1 (FAU- Frazier) quiz

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Commensalism

One benefit; the other has no effect

EX: cockroaches

Parasitism/pathogens

one is benefiting and the other is harmed

EX: Tics

Photoautrophs = to what photosynethic blue/green algae?

cyanobacteriaD

Decomposers

Break down organic molecules
recycling nutrients

Difference between a plant and animal cell

Plant cell: cell wall (made of cellulose) and chloroplast

Characteristics of Protista

• Eukaryotic cells (have membrane-bound organelles)

• inicellular

• colonial

• multicellular organisms (simple structure)

• Polyphyletic origin - organisms have distinct origins and ancestors

How do fungus-like protists feed

-heterotrophic (cannot make their own food)

dissolves food outside their bodies then absorbes it

How do animal-like protists feed

-heterotrophic

feed by consuming other organisms and digest inside the body

Hetero-

different, gets food from different organism

Auto-

Self; gets food from itself

Mixo-

gets food in both wyas its mixed

How is everything grouped?

By their ecological role

• producer (autotrophic) (plant-like)

• consumer (heterotrophic)(animal-like)

• both (mixotrophic)

Phylum Chrysophyta (Plant-like)

• Golden-brown algae

• Autotrophic

• Mostly unicellular or colonial

• Cell wall: cellulose or pectin

• Chlorophyll A & C

• Includes diatoms

Diatoms (Plant-like)

• Unicellular

• Cell wall: silica or pectin

• Chlorophyll A & C

• Part of Chrysophyta

Phylum Phaeophyta (Plant-like)

• Brown algae

• The algae we eat

• Autotrophic

• Mostly multicellular

• Chlorophyll A & C

• Structure:

  • Holdfast

  • Stipe

  • Frond

  • Vessel cells

Phylum Rhodophyta (Plant-like)

• Red algae

• Multicellular

• Chlorophyll A & D

• Deep-water pigments

• Lack flagella

• Cell wall: cellulose

• Can deposit calcium carbonate

• Coralline/calcareous algae

• Extracts: carrageenan + agar

Phylum Chlorophyta (Plant-like)

• Green algae

• Most abundant

• Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

• Chlorophyll A & B

• Cell wall: cellulose + pectin

• Ancestor of land plants

Phylum Euglenophyta

• Mixotrophic

• Unicellular

• No cell wall

• Chlorophyll A & B

• 2 flagella

• Stigma = eyespot

• Euglena is an example (Genus)

What is the stigma in Euglenophyta?

• Eyespot

• Helps Euglena detect light

• Allows it to swim toward light

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Mixotrophic)

• Unicellular

• Chlorophyll A & C

• Cellulose cell wall

• Red tides

• Toxins can kill fish

• Zooxanthellae

• Bioluminescence

• Pfiesteria can feed on fish

• Warm water can cause zooxanthellae to leave coral → coral bleaching

What are zooxanthellae?

• Algae living with coral

• When water gets too warm, they can leave coral

• Their loss causes coral bleaching

Kingdom Diplomonadida (Animal-like)

• Mostly parasites of guts

• Unicellular

• Multiple flagella

• No plastids

• No mitochondria

• Example: Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasites)

• Causes intestinal disease/diarrhea

Kingdom Parabasalida (Animal-like)

• Mostly parasites/commensals of guts

• Unicellular

• Multiple flagella

• No mitochondria

• Has a flagellum running underneath plasma membrane

• Examples:

  • Trichomonas vaginalis

  • Trichonympha — termite gut

Phylum Choanoflagellida

• Unicellular or colonial

• One flagellum

• Flagellum surrounded by a collar

• Gave rise to/origin of animals

Phylum Kinetoplastida

• Unicellular

• Has flagella

• Symbiotic or pathogenic

• Kinetoplast = extra nuclear DNA

• Associated with a single large mitochondrion

• Examples:

  • Trypanosoma → African sleeping sickness

  • Leishmania —→ eats cartilage

Phylum Apicomplexa

• All species are parasites

• Adults are non-motile

• Includes Plasmodium

• Causes malaria

• Know the Plasmodium life cycle

Plasmodium life cycle order

Sporozoite → Cryptozoite → Merozoite → Gametocyte

• Sporozoite → mosquito

• Cryptozoite → liver

• Merozoite → red blood cells

• Gametocyte → mosquito

Plasmodium — Sporozoite

• Stage in the mosquito

• Found in mosquito salivary glands

• Injected into human when mosquito bites

Plasmodium — Cryptozoite

Stage in the liver

Plasmodium — Merozoite

• Infects red blood cells

• Released from liver

• Enters bloodstream

• Infects red blood cells

Plasmodium — Gametocyte

• Sexual reproduction stage

• Taken up by the mosquito

• Continues the cycle

Characteristics of malaria

• Caused by Plasmodium

• Parasite

• Can cause high fever and shaking/chills

Phylum Ciliophora

• Unicellular

• Mostly free-living in freshwater

• Surface mostly covered by cilia

• Specialized organelles:

  • Contractile vacuole

  • Complex cytoskeleton

  • Micronucleus + macronucleus

• Conjugation

• Binary fission

• Example: Paramecium

Ciliophora — Conjugation vs. Binary Fission

Conjugation:

• Exchange of genetic material

• Involves micronuclei

Binary fission:

• One organism splits into two

Contractile vacuole

• Removes excess water from the cell

• Helps maintain water balance

• Without proper water regulation, a freshwater organism can take in too much water

Phylum Rhizopoda

• Amoeba

• Unicellular

• No shell

• Uses pseudopods

• Pseudopods used for:

  • Locomotion

  • Food acquisition

Phylum Actinopoda

• Amoeba-like

• Unicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Silica shell

• Thin, ray-like pseudopods = actinopods

• Pseudopods extend through holes in shell

Phylum Foraminifera

• Amoeba-like

• Unicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Calcium shell

• Shell is chambered and porous

• Has chambers inside shell

Compare Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, and Foraminifera

Rhizopoda
→ No shell
→ Pseudopods

Actinopoda
→ Silica shell
→ Ray-like pseudopods

Foraminifera
→ Calcium shell
→ Chambered, porous shell

Phylum Oomycota

• Water and slime molds

• Marine, freshwater, terrestrial

• Needs water

• Heterotrophic

• Zoospores = flagellated spores

• Parasites and decomposers

• Example: potato blight

Phylum Myxogastria

• Plasmodial slime mold

• Terrestrial

• Plasmodium = one large cell

• One mass of cytoplasm

• Many nuclei

• Amoeboid movement

• No cell wall

• Reproduction: sporangium → spores

Phylum Dictyostelida

• Cellular slime molds

• Pseudoplasmodium = aggregate of cells

• Forms sporangium

• Sporangium produces spores

• Cell wall: cellulose

Myxogastria vs. Dictyostelida

Myxogastria

• ONE giant cell

• Many nuclei

• Plasmodium

• No cell wall

Dictyostelida

• MANY individual cells

• Cells aggregate

• Pseudoplasmodium

• Cellulose cell wall

Algae pigments

• Chrysophyta

• Phaeophyta

• Rhodophyta

• Chlorophyta

• Euglenophyta

• Dinoflagellata

• Chrysophyta → A + C

• Phaeophyta → A + C

• Rhodophyta → A + D

• Chlorophyta → A + B

• Euglenophyta → A + B

• Dinoflagellata → A + C

Shell types

• Rhizopoda

• Actinopoda

• Foraminifera

• Rhizopoda → No shell

• Actinopoda → Silica shell

• Foraminifera → Calcium shell

Organisms with NO mitochondria

• Diplomonadida

• Parabasalida

Slime molds

• Oomycota →

• Myxogastria →

• Dictyostelida →

• Oomycota → water/slime molds

• Myxogastria → one giant cell, many nuclei

• Dictyostelida → many cells aggregate

Asexual vs Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction = cloning yourself

• Copies DNA into two strands

• Cuts itself into two

Sexual reproduction = Mixing of DNA

Hierarchy of Order? (There's 6 of them)

Molecule, Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Community

“Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Spagetti”

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Eukaryotic Animal Cell only has what 3 things in its cell structure?

- DNA in Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Plasma Membrane

Taxonomy is the study of?

Species identification

What is the Binomial nomenclature and Linnaeus of Genus and Species?

Genus - Homo
Species - Sapiens

Evolution clock:

1 billion years  = 

1,000 million years

What are the 5 kingdoms

1. Plantae

2. Fungi

3. Animalia

4. Protista - single-celled organelles

5. Monera