BioChem

What does buret first look like and then waht does it show wehn it indicated seomthing

start blue, turn purpul for protien

benedict

Have to warm it up! Blue to green to orange fro glucose

Iodine

yello → blackish purple for starch

explain complete vs incomplete protiens

Complete rpotien consists of all necessary amino acids while incomplete maybe lacking some

Roles of proties

Biological catalysts (enzymes)
Structural (muscle, skin)
Cell signalling and recognition
Molecules of immunity

Difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid

phospho lipid has a phosphat and choline. This makes phospholipids have apolar end

what si the bond between sugar and phospahte in a nucliec acid chain

covalent

What sit eh bond between the nitrogen bases of 2 nucleiotides

h-bonds

how are DNA na RNA structuraly different

DNA 2 strands of nucliec acids, rna jsut 1

What are the 4 type sof nitrogen basea dn what do they do?

G-CAT, bases pari up to give the double helix structure of dna

Hydrogen Bonding

A type of intermolecular force between molecules, not within a molecule, where hydrogen atoms with a partial positive charge are attracted to atoms with a partial negative charge.

how many amino acids in living things?

20

what polymer is made when multiple amino acids form together

Protien

Cohesion/Adhesion

Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance, like water molecules, while adhesion is the attraction between different substances.

Density of ice

H bonds cause cystal lattice structure wehn freezing, water molecules heal apart makign them less dense htat water

What is surface tension

Surface tension is the property of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces due to the cohesive nature of its molecules at the surface, creating a "skin" effect.

why would a lipid be unsaturated?

beacuse of a double/triple bond not allowing for hydrogen bods with the carbon

Why would soap affect the sruface tnesion of water?

The dish soap disrupted the water's cohesion by interfering with the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, leading to a reduced ability of the nickel to accumulate water.

would oil accumulate more or less than water on a nickle, why?

water more. This is because water has stronger cohesive and adhesive forces due to its polar nature, whereas oil is nonpolar and tends to repel water.

Hydrocarbons and typically non polar. How do functional groups chaneg this?

fucntional groups create a slightly polar end to the hydrocarbon.

How is water involved in the creation and breaking of polymers?

Water is involved in the creation of polymers through dehydration synthesis, where water is removed to form bonds between monomers. In breaking polymers, hydrolysis uses water to break bonds between monomers.

what are oligosaccarides? where are they found?

Oligosaccharides are short carbohydrate chains composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units. They are found in foods like legumes, beans, and certain fruits.

chitin source, monosaccaride, and functions

• Chitin Source: Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods like insects and crustaceans.

• Monosaccharide: Chitin is composed of repeating units of the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine.

• Functions: Chitin provides structural support and protection in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

2 fucntional groups found in amino acids

Carboxyl and amine

What type of isomer can all amino acids form except for glycine? (Optical, Structural, Geometric)

Optical is the type of isomer that all amino acids can form except for glycine.

Solubility

Polarity makes a water a good solvent

What is the shape of a fully bonded carbon atom and why is it the way it is?

Tetrahedron, 109*, energetically favourbale

Functional Group

A specific group of atoms attached to carbon atoms in molecules, determining the molecule's properties and reactivity.

Amino Group

A functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms, acting as a base and attracting protons.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, found in aldehydes and ketones.

Why might na animal cel busrt

If an animak cell is filled with too mcuh water due to a hypotinic solution outside of the cell the cell has no protevtice wal around it and will busrt

Carboxyl Group

A functional group with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group, acting as an acid.

Hydroxyl Group

A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, making compounds more soluble through hydrogen bonding.

Phosphate Group

An organic group containing phosphorus linked to oxygen atoms, releasing energy when bonds are broken.

Sulfhydryl Group

A functional group with a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, contributing to protein structure through disulfide bonds.

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Structural Isomers

Isomers with different bonding arrangements of atoms. e.g Fructose and Glucose

Geometric Isomers

Isomers with different spatial arrangements around a double bond, producing cis or trans isomers. Alpha - Cis Beta - Trans

Chiral/Optical Isomers

Isomers with mirror-image molecules due to spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon. Must have an aymmetric carbon, canot superimpose, Mirrored (Glycine flipped)

Polymers

Large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers, formed through condensation reactions and broken down by hydrolysis.

4 main sugar structures

Alpha glucose, Beta glucose, Galactose, fructose

Which 3 sugar forms are geometric isomers and which is a structural isomer

2 glucose and glactose are geometric, galactore is stuctural

Carbohydrate are made up of?

Sugar monomers

Sucrose made by

1 alpha glucose, 1 fructose

Lactose is made by

1 alphaglucose 1 galactose

Maltose is made by

2 alpha glucose

Carbohydrates fucntions

Energy soruces, food storage, protective covering, and structural component

What si starch

Carbohydrate from alpha glucose, stores energy, branches chains, can be digested

What is cellulose

Carbohydrate from beta glucose - structural componenet of palnts, straight chains, annot be digested

What is glycogen

Carbohydrate made from alphaglucose, food storage

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules like glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Disaccharides

Double sugar molecules formed by joining two monosaccharides, such as maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units, examples include glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin.

Protiens are…

polymers amde from amino acid monomers, can be enzymes, muscle, skin. Also known as poly peptides

The bond between two amino acids is called

peptide bond

Lipids

Organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol.

Libids are made of?

Glycerol and fatty acids

Triglyceride

Formed by glycerol and three fatty acids through a condensation reaction, serving as an energy storage molecule.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons, forming straight chains that are solid at room temperature.

Lipid structure

S“Head” Phospahet and choline, then glycerol then the “tail” fatty accids specifically 2

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbons, forming bent chains that are liquid at room temperature.

Phospholipids

Major components of cell membranes composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, and choline.

Nucleic Acids

Polymers like DNA and RNA responsible for storing heritable information and converting it into proteins.

Nucleotide

The monomer unit of nucleic acids, consisting of phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base like Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, or Cytosine.

Nuclieotied are held together wehre

Between sugar and phospahte

DNA structure

Double nucliece acid attached through h bonds int he nitrogen bases

Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Activation Energy (EA)

The energy needed to start a reaction, reduced by enzymes to speed up reactions.

Lock & Key Model

Enzyme function where the enzyme's active site fits a specific substrate like a key in a lock to catalyze a reaction.

Protein Structure

The specific shape of a protein that is essential for its function, mis-folding due to mutations or damage can lead to a non-functional protein.

Primary structure

Determined by amino acid sequence to form polypeptide

Secondary sturcture

Determined by the folding of polypeptide into spilars or pleated sheets. HYddrogen bonds between carbonyl and amine groups

Tertiary

overall 3D shape, interactiosn between side group bond in hbonds or disulpfide bonds making ti fold in idff plalces

Quanternary structure

2 or more polypeptides join togehter through H bonds, make globular protiens

How doe sht ecreation of the enzyme go wrong

Wrong amino acid in wrong place in structure 1, fold into wrong place in sturcture 2, wrogn amino acid present in sturcture 3 making the shape wrong and unable to function

Enzyme Inhibition

The process of blocking or reducing the activity of enzymes.

Non Specific Inhibitors

chnages that denature the enzyme, Temperature, ph, distrubt hbonding and change up stucture 2 and 3

Competitive Inhibitors

Compounds that compete with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme.

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

Molecules interact with ezyme but not at the active site and that cause a change in the shape of the enzyme's active site.

Phospholipids

Molecules that make up the majority of cell membranes, consisting of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of cell membranes.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The model describing the structure of cell membranes as a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins.

Membrane Transport

The movement of molecules across cell membranes, can be passive or active.

What are the 4 componenets of the cell memebrane

Choleterol, transmembrane, Perphiral protiens, plycolipids

Cholesterol

maintains/regulates fluidity of membrane by spacing out phospholipids

Transmembrane/Integral Proteins:

act as channels to allow large molecules to enter/exit cell

Peripheral Proteins

act as protein markers to identify the cell or receptors on the membrane

Glycolipids/Glycoproteins

involved in interactions with other cells and signalling within the cell

Is the cell membrane permeable?

Selectively yes

What can go through the cell membrane freely

Small polar and non polar molecules and gasses

What can NOT go throught eh lipid layer freely?

Ions, Larger polar molecules/monomers and polymers

How do polymers, monomers and ions make it through the lipid layer?

Protien channels, polymers are fist digested

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water, such as the phosphate "head" of a phospholipid.

Hydrophobic

Repelling water, like the fatty acid "tail" of a phospholipid.

Integral potiens

Proteins that span the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, aiding in various functions. (Transport, globular, alpha helix)

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without requiring energy. DIffsuion, facilitated siffuison, osmosis

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement of molecules across the cell membrane, often against a concentration gradient.

Diffusion

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.